Verify this in paragraph 111; what do the details all indicate of Benares? (Compare also paragraph 122, last part.)

"What he delights to group and to delineate is not inanimate things but the condition, actions, and productions of man. . . . . It was vigorous, stirring movement . . . that chiefly engaged his interest.". MINTO. Verify in the descriptive and pictorial touches in paragraphs 29, 41, 42, 48, 67, 84, 85, 122, 127, 155, and 167.

MACAULAY'S ARGUMENTS. II.

38. Compare the note to this paragraph. Is the refutation in this note directed against Macaulay's facts or against his inferences? What of the competence of the witnesses to testify in this case? Would you discount Hastings' statement in any particulars? On the whole what judgment would you render if it were your duty to decide the matter?

40. Do you agree that there is a "lasting stain on the fame of Hastings"? Your reasons. See note to paragraph 38.

42. Does Macaulay's description of the Rohillas here agree with his description of the Rohillas in the Essay on Clive? How does this affect Macaulay's argument against Hastings?

43. Had he “no show of right"? See note to paragraph 38. 44. "A bargain was soon struck." Is this matter as simple as Macaulay represents it? See note to paragraph 38.

45. "The object of the Rohilla War." Did Hastings admit that this was the object? See note to paragraph 38.

47. Compare the note to this paragraph; summarize the arguments on each side and come to a decision as to the guilt or innocence of Hastings.

53. After consulting such of the references to this paragraph as are accessible (see note to this paragraph), present the arguments for or against Francis as the author of the Junius Letters.

57. Compare the note to this paragraph. What is your conclusion from the fact that Macaulay took no notice of the Memoirs

of Sir Elijah Impey? What is the effect of Sir James Stephen's argument from what we know of human nature?

64. Read the note to this paragraph. What argument from absence of an essential fact is used by Stephen here?

66. Consult the note. How is Macaulay refuted here?

67. What conclusion do you reach when you read that Francis did not make the charge openly until 1788?

71. From the note to this paragraph what is your conclusion? 94. Consult the note to this paragraph and come to a conclusion. 95. What is your conclusion after reading the notes to this paragraph and paragraph 96?

97. What modification of Macaulay's judgment is necessary after reading the notes to this paragraph? Give reasons in order.

99. How does the note to this paragraph affect the testimony of Francis?

111. How does the fact that Hastings was in a minority in the Council affect the weight of Macaulay's argument? See note.

133. See note to this paragraph. Is the defence of Hastings sufficient?

136. Compare the defence of Impey in the note to this paragraph. Summarize the arguments on each side and come to a decision.

NOTES.

1. uncovered, removed their hats as a mark of honor. Macaulay never allows a dramatic incident of this kind to escape notice. See also paragraph 211.

Oliver Cromwell, Protector 1653–1658. "His countenance was swollen and reddish."- Green, A Short History of the English People, ch. viii, sec. vii.

young Lely. Sir Peter Lely (1618-1680), a Dutch portrait painter residing in London, was employed by Charles I, Cromwell, and Charles II.

2. Alfred, the Great, began his reign in 871; defeated Hastings, the sea-rover, in 894.

coronet of Pembroke, became Earls of Pembroke.

renowned Chamberlain. William, Lord Hastings, was an adherent of the House of York (1461-1485) whose emblem was the White Rose, was favored by Edward IV, and became Lord High Chamberlain. He was beheaded by Richard III in 1483. See Shakespeare's Richard III, Act III, scene iv.

a series of events. The earldom of Huntingdon was regained by a Captain Hastings who became the twelfth Earl in 1819, after the family had been dispossessed of the title thirty years through failure of heirs male in 1789. The romance consisted in the fact that the claim to the earldom was pressed, not by Captain Hastings himself, but by his lawyer, a Mr. Bell, who was so sure of his case that he paid all of the expenses of the suit himself.

3. mint at Oxford. Oxford was the headquarters of the royalists during the Civil War (1642–1646), London being in the hands of Parliament. Royalists sent their plate to Oxford to be coined into money for the king's cause.

speaker Lenthal, chairman of the House of Commons in Cromwell's time.

4. presented his second son to the rectory, made his second son permanent clergyman of the parish.

Customs, the revenue service.

6. Churchill, Colman, Lloyd, Cumberland, Cowper, literary men of the eighteenth century, of whom Cowper is the best known. He spent his life in seclusion at Olney on the Ouse.

7. Impey. See note to paragraph 57.

8. the foundation, a scholarship; a studentship, a scholarship. Christ Church, one of the colleges of Oxford.

hexameters and pentameters, equivalent to saying "the study of Latin," "the writing of Latin verses."

a writership, a position as clerk and bookkeeper.

East India Company. Chartered in 1600 as a trading company, the East India Company, by 1700, had established trading-posts (called factories) on the present sites of Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta. The Company was compelled, for the protection of its interests, to acquire more territory as opportunity was afforded. It came inevitably to exercise governmental functions, maintained an army and courts of law, and ruled a vast native population. In 1858 it was dissolved by Parliament; its lands became part of the British possessions; and India is now ruled by officers of the English Crown. In the time of Hastings, however, the Crown did not exercise direct control. The Company's affairs were administered by twenty-four directors elected annually by the proprietors (stockholders) from their own number. The proprietors made the laws and regulations for the Company. Subject to these laws and regulations, the directors were in charge of the commercial and political interests of the Company. Many of the directors and proprietors were members of Parliament.

9. Fort William, built to protect Calcutta.

Dupleix, a French merchant, who in 1742 became governor of Pondicherry and Director-General of the French factories in India. In the contest between the French and the English for supremacy in India, Dupleix, though at first successful, soon proved unequal

to the genius of Clive. Macaulay's Essay on Lord Clive (of which the Essay on Warren Hastings is really a continuation) is in large part devoted to the story of the contest. See also Green's Short History, ch. x, sec. i; Hunter's Brief History of the Indian Peoples, pp. 178, 179; Malleson's Clive, pp. 21-68, 194; Malleson's Dupleix. The War of the Succession, the War of the Austrian Succession, 1741-1748. See Macaulay's Essay on Frederick the Great. Carnatic, the east coast of South India.

Clive, Robert (1725-1774), whose work as founder of the British Empire in India Hastings completed and established, went to India as a clerk, in 1743, and became a brilliant military leader, winning victories over the French at Arcot and Trichinopoly, thereby making English influence in India superior to French influence. At the battle of Plassey, in 1757, Clive avenged the atrocities of the Black Hole of Calcutta, for which the Nabob Surajah Dowlah was responsible. See Macaulay's Essay on Lord Clive; Green's Short History, ch. x, sec. i; Malleson's Clive.

10. the prince, the Nabob of Bengal, Alverdy Khan, the grandfather of Surajah Dowlah. A character sketch of the latter will be found in Macaulay's Essay on Clive.

the Mogul. The sovereign of the Empire of Hindostan (the capital of which was Delhi) bore the title "The Great Mogul," and the rulers of the provinces under him were called Nabobs. In the time of Clive and Hastings the Mogul Empire was falling to pieces, and some of the Nabobs had made themselves practically independent of the Mogul. See Hunter's Brief History of the Indian Peoples, pp. 132–155.

the Black Hole. Read Macaulay's famous description of this horror in the Essay on Clive.

11. The treason. A conspiracy formed by the chief native officials of the Nabob Surajah Dowlah's dominions to depose him and to make Meer Jaffier, the commander of the troops, Nabob of Bengal in his place. Clive secretly favored the cause of Meer Jaffier, and after the battle of Plassey, June, 1757, proclaimed Meer Jaffier Nabob. The story is told in Macaulay's Essay on Clive.

13. a member of Council. See paragraph 24. Mr. Vansittart, English governor of Bengal, 1760-1764.