Besides these letters, there are three vowel points, indicating sounds nearly corresponding to a, i, and u; as, however, these are not printed, they afford no assistance to the student. The sound to be given to any combination of consonants can only be learned by experience.

To acquire some familiarity with the forms of the letters the student can turn to any of the vocabularies attached to the exercises, where the Turkish words are written with English characters by the side of them, and to Tale I, page 7, where the English text is given below the Turkish.

These letters have, in particular words, values differing from those given in the table :

at the end of the present participle being sounded as p. bat the commencement of words or between two vowels is frequently sounded as d.

The diphthong is generally sounded as o, oo, or u. This combination may, however, be sounded as i, ev, ai, or ey.

, marked as ng in the table, is frequently written as ñ. The three letters numbered 25, 26, and 27 are generally printed alike.

It will be seen that \, ♪, ¿,,, j, ĵ,, are never joined to the letter following them, so that in the middle of a word they have the same shape as at the end.

When Janda occur together they are joined as Y. Turkish is read from right to left.

There is no definite article in Turkish.

برا

The numeral bir, one, is used as the indefinite article, 'a' or 'an.' There are two numbers, the singular and the plural. The nominative plural is formed by the addition of ler to the nominative singular: at, the horse;

cat; kediler, the cats:

atler, the horses:
etmekdji, the baker;

kedy, the

etmekdjiler, the bakers.

THE NOUN SUBSTANTIVE.

There are two declensions, the first for words ending in a consonant, the second for those ending in a vowel. The cases and their terminations will be understood from the following examples.

First Declension. Words ending in a consonant :—

and change these letters, in forming the first four cases of the singular, into and g, except in a few monosyllables. In the other cases and in the plural, however, the and are retained: Ex. sanduk, the box; the boxes; de sandugyñ, of the box: kalpak, the cap; kalpageh, to the cap:

B 2

کوپکلر keupeghan, of the dog كويك keeper, the dog كوبك

keupekler, the dogs.

But

khalk, people; Genitive di

ت

khalkin, etc. Words ending in in general change this into ɔ, in all the cases of the singular, koort, the wolf; but in the plural the is retained, Inat, the horse, the is retained, lateh, to the horse, etc.

koordun, of the wolf, etc. koortler, the wolves.

latyn, of the horse;

Second Declension.

ت

Words ending in a vowel :

Ablative

kapoodan, from the gate.

The plural is formed as in the first declension:

Ex.goomy,

kapooler,

goomi

kapoolerun, etc.: Ex. goomy, the ship; nin, of the ship: Skeupru, the bridge; Skeupruniñ, of the bridge blada, the island; badanin, of the island; badayeh, to the island. But soo, water, has soojoon, in the genitive, instead of, but all the other cases are regular. It is to be remarked that, ev, the house, has house, etc., and is of the first declension.

In the Turkish grammar there are no genders.

even, of the

ferent sexes are in general distinguished by different names: Ex.

Beings of dif

khoros, the cock;

kisrak, the mare.

When, however, there are not two words for the individuals of different sexes, they are distinguished by the use of the common name preceded by er, man, and jö kiz, girl, or in the case of persons, and erkek, male, and in the case of animals.

së kary, woman,

dishy, female,

;brother از قرنداش karandash, of the same mother قرنداش اجی ashuljy, cook اجی ; kia karandash, sister قرقرنداش ;

,Frensis فرانسز : Inglis carisy, the English woman انکلیز قاریسی man

the Frenchman;ji Frensis carisy, the Frenchwoman.

See next article.

When two substantives stand together, one describing the nature, value, quality, object or ownership of the other, the genitive case of the noun describing is used, and it is placed before the other word which has the terminations y or sy added to it, according as it ends in a consonant or a vowel: jÿ kiziñ sandughi, the girl's box; los adamiñ aty, the horse of the man. Very often, however, the termination of the genitive is omitted; this is generally the case when the omission will not render the meaning doubtful: ev sahiby, the master of the house.

When one substantive denotes the material or magnitude of the other, they may be placed together in the nominative without any alteration; as, bir demir tchekidj, an iron hammer; js durt arshin bez, four arshins of linen.

It is to be remarked that the combination of words given above may be conveniently considered as single words. They are then declinable according to the rules given above:

Nom. adamiñ aty, the horse of the man.

Gen. dildos adamiñ atinin, of the horse of the man.

Dat.

los adamiñ atiya, to the horse of the man, etc. sul divil closladamiñ atiniñ eyeri, the saddle of the man's horse.

THE ADJECTIVE.

The adjective in Turkish is not declined. When it is used to attribute a quality it stands before the substantive, and when as a predicate it follows; as, bir doghroo adam, a just man;

bir بروز boo adem edeh dir, this man is polite بو ادم ادب در بوادم

guzel kez, a pretty girl.

دخی

The comparative is formed by strengthening the positive with the word dahe; as, dahe booyook, greater. It is also formed by placing the word compared in the ablative case before the positive: evdan booyook, larger than the house. The comparative is also formed by the use of the termination, or ÿ rek: eske, old; eskerek, older. When the word ends inor, this letter is omitted in the comparative: kutchek,

small; kutchuruk, smaller. This manner of forming the

comparative is not, however, common.

The superlative is formed by placing the particle

tchok, all meaning 'very,' before the positive; as,

رسی

pek, en, eñ aye, the best; literally, very good. It is also formed by placing the positive with a final or according as the word ends in a consonant or a vowel, after a substantive in the genitive or ablative plural; as, los ademlerin ayesy, the best man. The following examples, exhibiting other methods for forming comparatives, should be attended to: aye, good; al role; dahy ziade aye, better (literally, still more good); yol vdzlaş djumladan aye, best (literally, than all good); a shedit illeh, with violence, very violent; ÿèo aliaŵ shedit illeh sooghook, very cold.

.ates, fire اتش

VOCABULARY.
Hshehir, city.

و

.kadeh, glass قدح

veh, and. khasta, sick.

toogroo, just,

guz, eye. lot, grass.

tabac, plate.

balik, fish.

kara, black.

straight.

boo, this.

reng, colour.

Losary, yellow.

.dir, is در

درلر

Js dirler, are, for

kaz, goose.

J sood, milk.

S00, water.

bitchak, knife.

Jayeshel, green.

In Turkish the immediate object of the transitive verb is placed in the nominative or sometimes in the accusative case. When the

verb has in addition a remote object, this is placed in the dative:

ادم کتاب قزه ; his bir adam gurdy, the girl saw a man قز برادم کوردی

ویردی

adam ketab kizeh verdy, the man gave the girl a book. It is to be noted that the verb is placed at the end of the sentence. See page 16.