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A useful dog is not frightened. The little boy gave four roses to the little girl. There is not a rose in the gardener's house. The boy met the girl on the road. This onion is bigger than What news is there in the city?

an egg.

cows in the field and there are three boys.

There are forty-five

TALE II.

8

1

3

پس

11

16

هیچ

13

15

ایکن

مصر شهرنده بر پادشاه و ارایدی و انك بر کاردان وزیری و ارایدی و دایم ، پیغمبر انك قاتنه کلور ایدی برکون وزير دنيانك 7 احوالنه نظر ایلدی بلدی که نسنه کمسیه پایدار " اولمز 10 پس وزیر لقدن طاعته 15 مشغول 16 اولدی " ال " چکوب بر 12 کوشه اختیار 18 ایدوب 7 کلمدی بو وزیر 18 تعجب 18 ایلدی 10 نچه زمان کچدی پیغمبر وزیره 10 کلدی وزیر دیدی بن وزیر " پیغمبر 19 دخی ساعت قاتمدن كتمزدك شمدی که طاعته مشغول اولدم كلمز اولدك دیدی پیغمبر ایتدی سن ظاهرده وزیرلق ايدردك و بن باطنده وزیرلق ایدردم شمدی سن ظاهر وزیر لغندن آل چكدك بن دخی قتكه كلمز اولدم دیدی چون وزیر پیغمبردن بو سوزی اشتدى واروب 20 تکرار وزارت طلب ایدوب الدى كیرو پیغمبر هر ساعت کلور

که بر کون کوردی

هر

ایدی.

26

27

27

23

نیچون

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1 In the Egyptian city : Cairo 2 intelligent, able

4 prophet

9 not lasting

12 retired spot, corner

himself up to

6 of the world

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7 affairs 8 considered

giving up, removing his hand

14 adoration

come

11

15 gave 18 astonished

21 hour

not go

23 in appearance

24 in reality

25 again

22 you did

26 office

of vizier

27 seeking.

Formation of Nouns.

From substantives, adjectives denoting possession or endowment

can be formed by the addition of lu orly; from at, horse,

,akel عقل atlu, mounted, possessor of a horse, a cavalier; from اتلو

talent, llës akellu, intelligent;

belonging to a village, a villager; j,

keuy, village,

tuz, salt,

Skeuylu, tuzlu, salted;

së kara geuzlu, black-eyed; „öö koorkoo, fear,„„,, koorkooloo, dangerous; khatoonlu er, a married man.

[When an adjective or numeral agrees with the substantive

ایکی خاتونلو از : formed in this way some ambiguity may arise

iki khatunloo er, a man with two wives, a man twice married. In the first case, in speaking, the iki is joined to the khatun; in the second, they are pronounced separately.]

By the addition of djy to substantives, the noun agent is formed: Ex.

etmek, bread; Jyol, the road;

kapoo, the door;

etmekdjy, the baker.

yoldji, the traveller.

kapoodji, the porter.

This termination is used with

; as, nidji, what is he?

For the formation in the case of verbs, see page 24.

From adjectives and substantives alike, are formed substantives denoting the action or quality, by the addition of or look or doostlook, friendship; from etmekdji, baker, letmekdjilik, the trade of a baker;

lik; from

doost, the friend,

Jj guzel, beautiful,

guzellik, beauty;

child, tehodjuklik, childhood.

tchodjuk, the

The same termination is used to form the noun denoting the place where a substance or thing is found; from gool, the rose, goollook, the rose bed; from ¿ dagh, mountain, lel Skeupek, the dog,

daghlik, a mountainous place; from

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keupeklek, the kennel. For the use of this termination with verbs,

see page 29; and see also page 15.

Diminutives are formed by the addition of the syllable

djik or djek; from adem, the man,

man; ooglandjek, the little child. strengthened by the addition of ; ; as,

or

ademdjek, the little

This may be further

ademdjekiz, a very

little man. This last termination is used in general when the word

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water; edebsiz, impolite;

koosiz, fearless, and from this

قورقوسز

koorkoo, fear, jwöö koorkoorkoosizlik, fearlessness.

The terminations dash denotes companionship; from Jɲ yol, yoldash, fellow-travellers.

road,

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Substantives may also be formed by the combination of two substantives or a substantive and adjective; as, from 1, kahveh, coffee, and xil khana, house, isë (khafarna), coffee-house; khastaharna, hospital.

ilimė

THE TURKISH IRREGULAR AUXILIARY VERBS. The substantive verb is very peculiar in Turkish. It is used to form the persons and numbers of verbs by addition to the verbal root, and is also used, as below, with nouns, both substantive and adjective.

With an adjective, yash, wet.

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For

Present Tense.

PLURAL.

jyash-iz, we are wet.

yashsen, thou art wet.

yashsiniz, you are wet.

yashder, he is wet.

yashdirler, they are wet.

of the 2nd person plural siz is frequently used.

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Observe, that these endings are also added to substantives:

dostsines, you are دوستسكر ;yoldjy-i, we are travellers يولجييز

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The

The Negative Form of the Substantive Verb:

در

SINGULAR.

deyelim, I am not.

s deyelsen, thou art not.

deyelder, he is not.

PLURAL.

deyelez, we are not. deyelsengez, you are not.

deyelderler, they are not.

and of the third person singular and plural are generally omitted.

The other tenses are formed by the addition of JS deyel to the imperfect, perfect, and other tenses given above: Jul got lo

بو

ایو دکل ایسه په یمان ; bo at ayeh at deyel, this is not a good horse

Ns eyeh deyel isseh pek yeman deyel, if it is not a good one, it is not a very bad one.

The interrogative particle my is joined to the last syllable; as, ✰ yashmi-um, am I wet? yash deyelmy sen, are you not wet?

The auxiliary verb 'to have' does not exist in Turkish. Its place is supplied by the impersonal verb, var, there is. The conjugation is formed by the use of the pronominal endings in the manner indicated below. The negative is formed by the use of

yok or

.gol dir يوق در

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The student will remark that the third person plural might be intended for the third person singular of

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evlarim var, I have

1st Pers. 95 tuzem var idi, I had some salt.

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.tuzun var idi, thou hadst some salt توزك وارایدی .turi var idi, he had some salt توزی وارایدی

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PLURAL.

1st Pers. joj, tuzumuz var idi, we had some salt. tuzuñuz var idi, you had some salt. su tuzlery var idi, they had some salt.

2nd

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3rd

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Perfect.

1st Pers. pa♬ bir kalemim ouldy, I have had a pen.

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1st Pers.

sal bir kalemin ouldy, thou hast had a pen.

بر قلمك اولدی

etc.

Conditional Present.

SINGULAR.

bir kitabim var isseh, if I have a book.

2nd amally clip bir kitabiñ var isseh, if thou hadst a book.

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بر

The other tenses are supplied by the third person singular of various tenses of the verb olmak, to be, with the pronominal

terminations used as above.

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