Of that standing after if in the same function, no instance has been found.

6. For particulars about the meaning of the interrogative pronouns see a subsequent chapter. In this connection we may observe that in Middle English these pronouns in subordinate questions are sometimes followed by the conjunction that. ABBOT, § 250.

Wel oghte a man avysed for to be | Whom that he broghte in-to his privetee. CANT., A., 1. 334.

7. Details about the formation and meaning of the interrogative adverbs are reserved for a subsequent chapter. This is the place to make the following observations:

a) The interr. adverbs, especially how, when introducing subord. quest. are sometimes followed by that, especially in the older writers.

Let it not disgrace me If I demand before this royal view... | Why that the naked, poor and mangled peace.. | Should not in this best garden of the world, | Our fertile France, put up her lovely visage. HENRY V, V, 2, 34.

Tell John what things ye have seen and heard; how that the blind
see and the lame walk. LUKE VII, 22.

It was
some time before he could be made to comprehend, how
that there had been a revolutionary war, that the country had
thrown off the yoke of Old England. RIP VAN WINKLE.

b) In the language of the illiterate they are often preceded by as, occasionally by that. MURRAY, i. v., as, 28; how, 10.

803, N.

STORM,

SMOLETT 2).

I believe as how your man deals with the devil.
Miss Flora said as how it was a reconciliation.
Dr. Lyster said as how the temperature was to be kept up.

HIS SAKE, II, CH. III, 62.

BRET HARTE 3).

FOR

Miss Dorrit came here one afternoon with a bit of writing, telling that how she wished for needle-work. LITTLE DORRIT 3).

c) How, like the Dutch hoe, is sometimes almost equivalent to that, i. e. the subordinate question might be replaced by a subordinate statement.

1) FOELS.-KOCH, § 434; 2) MAS, § 403, N.; 8) FRANZ, E. S., XVIII.

'Tis told how the good old squire gives never less than gold.
MAS. § 403.

Bob Cratchit told them how he had a situation in his eye for
Master Peter. CHRISTM. CAR.

He told his pretty niece and housekeeper how his heart had been moved by our red noses and chilly looks. FIRST HAPPY CHRISTM. d) We also find how sometimes approximating to the conjunction as, especially when it is more or less generalizing in meaning, i. e. is synonymous with however, Dutch hoe .. maar. STORM, 695; MURRAY, i. v. how, 13. Compare It is the real purpose of her heart to get money how she may, by her charms, by her wit, by her lies, by her readiness (TROLL., THACK., CH. III, 102) with There was no time for the British force to do anything more than defend themselves as best they might (GRAPH.).

I can't tell it just how you told it. MID. ').

Others strove to escape how they might among the ditches. FREEMAN 1). He left them to gather the great truth for themselves how they could.

NEWMAN 2).

8. Of particular interest are questions that are intermediate between interrogative sentences and subordinate questions: they have the word-order of the former, but the tense of the verb of the predicate is that of the latter.

Pen was gone to the printing office to see his proofs. Would
Toker have a pipe, and should the laundress go to the Cock and
PEND., II, Că. II, 26.

get him some beer?

Mr. Bacon said he heard that Mr. Pendennis had a manuscript novel. What would be his price for it? would he give Bacon the refusal of it? he would find our house a liberal house and so forth. ib., II, CH. IV, 46.

He then showed me the cane, and asked me what I thought of
that, for a tooth? Was it a sharp tooth, hey? Was it a double
tooth, hey? Had it a deap prong, hey? Did it bite, hey? Cor.,
CH. VH, 45α.

But lo! now, in opposition to all calculable probability, some
benefit appeared to be attached to the name of David Faux.
Should he neglect it as beneath the attention of a prosperous tradesman?
BROTHER JACOB, 391.

Note. These questions are used in Dutch only if the person
introduced as a speaker addresses the question to himself. Thus

1) STORM; 2) MURRAY.

the latter part of the last quotation would run in Dutch: Zou hij dit verwaarloozen als beneden de aandacht van een voorspoedigen winkelier?

9. Subordinate questions introduced by what or by how are sometimes exclamatory rather than interrogative.

They began to talk of what a dreadful storm it had been the
night before. Dick. 1).

It was curious how emotion seemed to olden him. PEND., II,
CH. XV, 161.

You know how small my estate is. PEACOCK 2).

1) FOELS-KOCH, § 434; 2) MURRAY.

CHAPTER XV.

SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES.

1. Substantive clauses are found in the function of:

a) subject. Who chooseth me shall gain what many men desire. MERCH., II, 7.

Whoever revolts against social laws does so at his peril.

GRAPH.

b) nominal part of the predicate. He's what we call a flat. PEND., I, CH. X, 107.

c) non-prepositional object. What his heart thinks, his mouth speaks. MUCH ADO, III, 2.

A woman with fair opportunities, and without an absolute hump, may marry whom she likes. VAN. FAIR, I, Cн. IV, 28.

I return to view where once the cottage stood. MAS., § 560. The foxes have holes, and the birds of the air have nests; but the Son of man hath not where to lay his head. MATTH., VIII, 20. d) prepositional object. I will give this to whosoever wants it. MAS., $ 382.

He soon repented of what he had done. ib., 251.

e) adverbial adjunct. There is no truth in what he said. MAS., § 409. After what seemed an endless time, we heard the heavy gate unbarred and quickly clanged to. JEROME, SILHOUETTES, 19.

From what I saw of her the other day, I should say she was a
devilish accomplished, clever girl. PEND., II, Сí. III, 34.
Turn, gentle hermit of the dale, | And guide my lonely way |
To where yon taper cheers the vale | With hospitable ray. GOLD-
SMITH, BALLAD.

When this dreadful exordium was over, and Tungay had stumped
out again, Mr. Creakle came to where I sat. Cop., CH. VII, 45b.
But you do as you like with me you always did, from when
first you begun to walk. SIL. MARN., CH. XI, 82.

Lo the star which they saw in the east, went before them, till it came and stood over where the young child was. MATTH., II, 9.

2.

Substantive clauses are introduced:

a) by relative pronouns who, whoever (whoso, whosoever), what, whatever (whatsoever), which, that;

b) by conjunctive adverbs, especially when and where.

3. For details about the relative pronouns and conjunctive adverbs see a subsequent chapter. Here we should observe that in the older writers they are sometimes found followed by the conjunction that.

4.

Who-so that wol his large volume seke | There may he seen the large woundes wyde. CANT., B, 1. 60.

Substantive clauses that are introduced by what, are more frequent in English than in Dutch. They often stand:

a) for adjectives and participles used substantively. Thus: He sold what was old, keeping what was new = Hij verkocht het oude en behield het nieuwe.

He was reconciled to what had happened. CHыISTM. CAR. (= het gebeurde).

The best course would be to promise what was asked. CLIVE. (het gevraagde).

b) for attrib. adnom. clauses, especially when they contain a predicative noun preceded by a modifier. In the Dutch translation the noun is placed in the head-sentence, the inodifier in the attrib. adnom. clause. Thus The window looked out upon what in summer would have been a beautiful landscape (SKETCH-BOOK, CHRISTM. DAY, 90Ɑ) would run in Dutch Het venster zag uit op een landschap, dat in den zomer mooi geweest zou zijn.

He set out on what in ordinary weather would have been a twenty minutes' errand. SIL. MARN., CH. V, 34.

After what seemed an endless time, we heard the heavy gate unbarred and quickly banged to. JEROME K. JEROME, SILHOUETTES, 191. Here he recalled to himself some instances of what he could not help seeing was the artful simplicity of Miss Blanche. PENd., 11, CH. X, 113.

5. Substantive clauses introduced by what are often confounded with subordinate questions introduced by the same word. The confusion is, perhaps, furthered by the fact that ce qui (ce que is used in French to introduce both kinds of clauses. Thus in Tell me what you have in your hand, the clause is a subordinate question; in Give me what you have in your hand, it is a substantive clause.