3. Most of the conjunctives mentioned under a) and b) are rather vague in meaning and are used for two or more of the four relations mentioned above, owing, no doubt, to the fact that these relations are not easily distinguished by the speech-making community. Thus the conjunctive adverb therefore is used in four functions: it is found after the sentence expressing: a cause. The factory was burnt down last night; therefore many workmen are thrown out of employment. а reason. Many workmen are thrown out of employment by the recent fire; therefore funds will be raised to support them. a ground. He is my brother's son, therefore he is my nephew. a purpose. He wanted to engage a first-rate governess; therefore he placed an advertisement in the Times. Here follow some comments on each of the above conjunctives. For illustrative quotations see also CH. VIII, 64, ff. Accordingly is chiefly used to express that the effect or inference is what might be expected. He was absent when I called, and I accordingly left my card. WEBST. Consequently mostly stands before what is represented as an unavoidable consequence. The papers were not ready, and consequently could not be signed. His Excellency Colonel Rawdon Crawley died of yellow fever at Hence is chiefly found in the language of demonstration to introduce an inference, but it is also used in describing the consequence of a fact. It is sometimes preceded by a redundant from. God must be Self-existent; for to conceive Being as incipient is impossible. Nothing can be produced from Nothing. Whence therefore was Being produced? From itself? No; for then it must have been already in existence to produce itself; otherwise it would have been produced from nothing. Hence the primary law: Being is self-existent. If self-existent consequently eternal. LEWES, HIST. PHILOS., 62. It is so with men generally, and hence we assume it to be so with you. MURRAY. You have fallen out, and hence your thoughts are sad. W. C. SMITH '). From hence he has been accused, by historians, of avarice. GOLDSM. 1). So is the most familiar of this group of conjunctives. It is, however, seldom found in incomplete sentences. i. ii. There was no one there, so I went away. N. E. GR., § 492. I am not good at descriptions of female beauty, and so shall not attempt any particular delineation of Miss Laura Bell at the age of sixteen years. PEND., I, CH. XXI, 213. Then, Dutch dan, stands: a) before an invitation (summons) to do that which is represented as a duty to be performed on the ground of the facts stated in a previous part of the discourse. I am here, you see, young and sound and hearty; then don't let Then stay with us a little space, | Our northern wars to learn. 6) before what is represented as a conclusion from a series of B) facts; In the old days then, when the land was called only Britain, The following are, then, the chief forms of the personal pronouns 7) before a conclusion which the speaker makes from the words of his interlocutor. "I told uncle we might drop into the Eldorado, after dinner." "They did go there then?" PUNCH. Thence occurs but rarely. It has the same meaning as hence, but is only used in narrating past events. A vast and lofty hall was the great audience-chamber of the Moslem monarch, thence called the Hall of the Ambassadors. WASH. IRv. 2). 1) MURRAY, i. v. hence, 6; 2) FOELS.-KOCH, § 318. Therefore is the typical co-ordinative causal conjunctive; it takes the place of so when the use of this word is for some reason inconvenient. He was considerably younger and, therefore, much more pompous Thus, Dutch dus, is but seldom used as a causal conjunctive, being mostly a pure adverb of quality or degree. The Angles and Saxons had killed or driven out all the former His uncle had been persuaded by the monks of Fountain Abbey 1881 was 463172, Naples being CASS. CYCL., i. v. Naples, 852a. By consequence is especially found before what is represented as an inference. Laura was on a visit to the stately lady Rockminster, daughter to my Lord Bareacres, sister to the late Lady Pontyfool, and by consequence a distant kinswoman of Helen's PEND., I, CH. XXV, 269. He was nephew to Mrs. Thistlewood, and by consequence own cousin to Miss Helen. ib., Сн. VIII, 87. Clive had been only a few months in the army, when intelligence arrived that peace had been concluded between Great Britain and France. Dupleix was, in consequence, compelled to restore Madras to the English company. CLIVE, 501a. Note. A frequent substitute for some of the above-mentioned conjunctives is the phrase that is why. But you cannot carry a clock about with you, and yet you often want to know the time, when you are walking where there are no clocks. That's why people have watches. GÜNTH., LEERB. 4. The word-groups mentioned in 2 under c) naturally have a more clearly-defined meaning. Their discussion, however, belongs to the province of the chapter about prepositions. See also CH. IX, 10. 5. Sometimes the relation is not expressed by any conjunctive. I am tired: I cannot go any further. N. E. GR., § 483. 6. Apart from word-groups containing a preposition, such as in this (that) case, the relation condition contingent effect may be expressed by the conjunctive adverb then. They might have been more careful; then the catastrophe would, Do you think so? Then act accordingly. ONIONS, ADVANC. ENGL., Sometimes two sentences similarly related as the above are placed side by side without any conjunctive. Go and see for yourself. You will find that I am right. ONIONS, Note. A real effect of a real cause is sometimes represented as "The boys in the street whistle the tune." "Then it is hardly 7. When the relation is that of concession effect not realized, the two sentences may also be considered to be placed in arrestive adversative co-ordination. (CH. XI, 6.) Your arguments are very strong, nevertheless they do not convince me. N. E. GR., § 409. 8. The conjunction for is practically the only conjunctive used in connecting two sentences expressive of the relations factcause, action resulting from a resolution reason, ground. conclusion The brook was very high, for a great deal of water had fallen overnight. Do as you are told, for much depends on it. H. E. GR., 109. A great deal of rain must have fallen, for the brook is very high. Note. In poetry for is sometimes found to refer to an imaginary statement. "O, brother," ask'd Ambrosius "for in sooth | These ancient books.. teem.. | With miracles and marvels like to these. HOLY GRAIL, 1. 550. O, Bedivere, for on my heart hath fall'n | Confusion, till I know not what I am. PASS. OF ARTH. In some connections the phrase the fact is (that) is often used by way of linking the two statements together. The paths want weeding. - Yes, that's the gardener's fault. The fact is he took to drinking some months ago. GÜNTH., LEERB. 9. In not a few cases, however, the two sentences are placed in juxtaposition without any conjunctive. The Dutch translation of such sentences often has immers, for which there is not a special word in English. I am sure of it: I saw it myself. N. E. GR. § 482. I'm beginning to think this visit to town has not had at all a good effect upon you: you've come back unable to settle down to anything. PUNCH. It could not really have been Mamma in that box: she has never made the slightest reference to it. ib. |