SECTION II.

THE COMPOSITE SENTENCE.

CHAPTER IX.

INTRODUCTION.

I. A composite sentence is the union of two or more sentences which from their contents, the way in which they are arranged or joined together, and the manner in which they are uttered, form a whole.

2. The relation between the different members of a composite sentence is that of:

a) Co-ordination (parataxis), when they are of equal rank.
He will go on a journey, and his brother will stay at home.
He will go on a journey, but his brother will stay at home.
He will go on a journey, therefore his brother will stay at home.

b) Subordination (hypotaxis), when one member represents an element (subject, nominal part of the predicate, object, etc.) of the other.

What I told you rests on sufficient evidence.

My advice is that you should not meddle with the affair.

I gave him what I had received.

I will tell you all that I know of the matter.

He did not go out, because he was ill.

3. A sentence that is made up only of members that are coordinate is said to be compound.

When a sentence contains one or more members that are subordinate to another member of the same sentence, it is called complex.

4. A subordinate member of a complex sentence is called a clause.

A complex sentence often contains more clauses than one. In this case

the clauses are representative of the same element;

I shall tell you what I heard, and what I saw.

b) the clauses are representative of different elements;

When I am ready, I shall tell you what I heard.

c) one clause is contained within the other.

I told him that I should come, when I had finished the letter on which
I was engaged.

The whole subordinate part of such a complex sentence is called a complex clause.

The member of a complex sentence of which a clause constitutes an element, is termed the head sentence or head-clause of the latter. In the following discussions, for the sake of brevity, the term head-sentence is often used in a sense including that of head-clause.

5. Two or more complex sentences may be joined co-ordinatively. I will tell your brother the news when I see him, but I do not think that he will arrive this week.

A complex sentence may contain two or more clauses that are co-ordinate.

I shall tell you what I saw, and what I heard.

6. When part of a sentence or clause is left out because it can be readily supplied from the context, it is said to be incomplete.

i.

ii.

They rowed up to it: it was a boat, but empty and floating bottom upwards. MEES. WILL, CH. VIII, 80.

"Would not you like to be mill-owner?"

HAL., CH. X, 108.

"Shouldn't I?" JOHN

"I should

"Did you see any one you thought you recognized?"

rather think I did!" PUNCH.

iii. This is not the same as that. MAS., § 165.

He has not such a large income as my brother.

iv. If a man was great while living, he becomes tenfold greater when dead. CARL., HERO WORSH., SECT. I,

23.

The general impression seems to have been that Robert was a dunce, if not a reprobate. Clive, 4986.

He sobbed as a child. NIGHT AND MORN., 495.

He is more witty than wise. MAS., § 109.

He did not sleep for a wonder that night any more than Amelia.
VAN FAIR, II, CH. XXXII, 362.

Complex sentences may be incomplete through the omission of a clause or the head-sentence.

The evil that men do lives after them; the good is oft interred with their bones. JUL. CAES. III, 2, 81. (Omission: that men

do after good.)

He accordingly worked all night, but without finishing the job.
ALH. ). (Omission: he worked hard after but.)
"You'll want all to-morrow, I suppose", said Scrooge.

"If quite convenient, sir." CHRISTM. CAR., I, 12. (Omission: I'll want all to-morrow before if.)

Incomplete adverbial clauses sometimes have the copula to be suppressed, although this verb is not to be found in the headsentence. In this case they bear some resemblance to undeveloped clauses. (16.) See also PAUL, PRINC., § 119. They differ from the latter in containing a conjunctive to denote the nature of the adverbial relation. Compare the following instances with the quotations given in CH. XX, 12, ff.; CH. XXI, 5.

I lose most of my fortune, if I marry without my aunt's consent, till of age, Riv., I, 2.

I wrote a similar epitaph for my wife, though still living. VIC., CH. II. The Sophists were hated by some because powerful, by others because shallow. LEWES, HIST. PHILOS., 114.

7. A compound sentence, or a group of clauses joined co-ordinatively, which contains one or more than one incomplete member, is said to be contracted.

ii.

i. I was born in 1856, my brother in 1858, and my sister in 1854.
He tried hard, but did not succeed. N. E. GR., § 417.

Your robe was not well made, nor your bonnet very fresh. PEND.,
I, CH. XXII, 234.

In a masterly manner he had pointed out what should be the type
for the various articles: who should report the markets; who the
turf and ring; who the Church intelligence, and who the fashionable
chit-chat. PEND., I, CH. XXXIII, 354.

Contraction is avoided by careful speakers and writers when the part suppressed is not identical in form or meaning with the corresponding part in the complete sentence or clause.

The following sentences do not bear this test:

i. We are not rich, nor our neighbour either. MAS., § 484 (Rewrit-
ten nor is our neighbour.)

Neither the emperor nor his generals were convinced. ib. (Rewritten:
The emperor was not convinced, nor were his generals.)

1) FOELS.-KOCH, § 506.