79. The rules relating to the position of adverbial adjuncts with finite predicates also decide their normal position with present participles. This is shown by the following quotations: a) Before a simple present participle. Pen rarely appeared. out of his College; regularly going to morning chapel. PEND., I, CH. XXI, 220. The old man remained seated behind the table, without stirring or turning an eye, always keeping a steady glare on Dolf. D. HEYL. The epoch now described was the one in which the causes of the great convulsion were rapidly germinating. MoTLEY, RISE, II, CH. IV, 198a. b) After a simple present participle. He sat behind his office-table, dictating so energetically to his clerk behind him, that we had both entered before he saw us. JOHN HAL., CH. VIII, 87. He made himself generally pleasant, falling in kindly to the Jessops household ways. ib., CH. XIX, 191. We all sat round the tea-table, talking gaily together. ib., CH. XIX, 192. Seeing clearly that it would be useless to pursue their point, the gentlemen withdrew. CHRISTM. CAR., I, 11. c) Between the members of a complex present participle. Having thus briefly sketched the different agents required in the making of a newspaper, let us turn for a moment to view those agencies at work. GOOD WORDS. The very farm-dogs bark less frequently, being less disturbed by passing travellers. SKETCH-BOOK, WIDOW AND HER SON. She had a life interest in the sum of £ 7000, which, being well invested, brought her in £ 350 a year. MEES. WILL., CH. III, 25. d) After the whole of a complex present participle. Sir Walter Besant was in his 65th year, having been born at Portsmouth on August 14, 1836. TIMES. 80. Note the following special points: a) The adverbs so and thus regularly stand before saying. So saying, he bent his head over the corpse. BULW., BULW., RIENZI. Thus saying, he gathered his robe around him, and slowly swept away. LAST DAYS OF POMP., I, CH. II, 13b. b) Absolute present participles that are not accompanied by a (pro)noun indicating their subject, mostly have the adverbial adjunct placed before them. i. Roughly speaking, this date separates the earlier stages of the language from all contact with such languages as Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, etc. SKEAT, PRINC., I, § 10. Generally speaking, I don't like boys. CoP., CH. IV, 24a. ii. This, speaking broadly, is the secret of the contentedness of the poor Irish with their miserable homes. GOOD WORDS. Society, speaking generally, is not only ignorant as respects education of the judgment, but is also ignorant of its ignorance. FARADAY (in SPENCER, EDUC., CH. I, 37a). 81. The position of adverbial adjuncts with past participles in undeveloped clauses depends on what place would be given to them in the corresponding full clauses. a) Before the past participle. It is hardly necessary for us to say that this is an excellent book excellently translated. MAC., POPES, 5416. In the outer room a stout young fellow a poacher probably sat, heavily ironed. JOHN HAL., CH. XIX, 187. This was her right, silently claimed, which nobody either smiled Mr. Winkle, thus admonished, abruptly altered its position. PICKW., The epoch now described was the one in which the causes of the b) After the past participle. And, taken generally, I must say, that, in this point at least, the poor are far more philosophic than the rich. CONF., CH. III, 44. Beaten at one point we made for another. BAIN. Prompted perhaps by some secret reasons, I delivered this observation with too much acrimony. Vic., Cн. II. 82. Adverbs are often joined to participles, both present and past, to form compounds, which for the most part regularly precede the noun. A man of an easy-going disposition. GORD. HOLMES, SILV. CRAVEN, 18. An ill-advised and unfortunate insurrection. WORDSWorth. The aforesaid Martin whom Arthur had taken such a fancy to [etc.]. Tом BROWN, II, CH. III, 237. There were some well-disposed natives, who saw them and were sorry for them. SH. HIST., CH. XIII, 187. When the compound admits of being used predicatively or as an undeveloped clause, it is sometimes interchangeable with a collocation. in which the adverb is placed after the verb. Thus: The letter is well-written = The letter is written well. Similarly The events above narrated The events narrated above. Within a short period of the events above narrated, Mr. Manager PLACE OF PREPOSITIONS CONSTITUTING A PART OF PREPOSITIONAL OBJECTS AND ADVERBIAL ADJUNCTS. 83. a) The ordinary place of prepositions is before the word they belong to. I attended to his words. They laughed at him. It met him at the ball. b) The speech-making community, however, being averse to mentioning a preposition the first word of the sentence, we frequently find it shifted to the back of the sentence when it belongs to a front-position word. The shifting is especially observed with interrogative words and word-groups, and with relative pronouns. ALFORD, QUEEN'S ENGL., § 309. i. Who did you sell the geese to? SH. HOLM., BLUE CARB. What on earth did you do that for? PICKW., CH. XIX. CARB. "Who by?" SH. HOLM., BLUE 11. Now where did you get them from? ib. By the way, would it bore you to tell me where you got the other one from? ib. iii. He was a man that it was easy to tell a thing like that to. SH. HOLM. You're the man I wanted to have some talk with. QUEEN'S ENGL., $ 309. He stared about him as if he expected to discover some particular beauty in the landscape, which the sagacious animals were calling special attention to. PICKW. Less frequently do we find this shifting with other words. Now Sir Francis, though he was for a long time our hero, we never exchanged a word with. H. E. GR., 326. The theatre they cared nothing about. WALT. BES., LOND. IN THE The pains of poverty I had lately seen too much of. CONF., Many a family party, consisting of a man, his wife, and sometimes c) In the higher literary style prepositions are mostly kept before relative pronouns. Also in the ordinary spoken language the prepositions to and for mostly precede the pronoun, if it indicates a person. Thus The man to whom I had written would be more usually said than The man whom I had written to. In some turns post-position of the preposition is impossible. Ah! mother mine! to what use is all my scholarship and my philosophy! WESTW. Ho!, CH. IV, 366. PLACE OF ATTRIBUTIVE ADNOMINAL ADJUNCTS. 84. The normal place of adnominal adjuncts of whatever description, both in English and in Dutch, is immediately before the nouns they qualify. PLACE OF ATTRIBUTIVE ADNOMINAL NOUNS. 85. Adnominal nouns, including genitives, regularly precede the nouns they qualify, unless they are in apposition, in which case they regularly stand behind them. A corner house, a gold watch, a chance acquaintance, the surplus population, the miller's horse, a fool's paradise. William the Conqueror, the Emperor William, Lord-lieutenant. clause, always 86. Nouns that constitute an undeveloped continuative in meaning, have a place assigned to them which depends on various circumstances which need no comment. The young king himself, a trained theologian and proud of his theological knowledge, entered the lists against Luther. GREEN, SH. HIST., CH. VI, 321. A healthy, merry child, she did not much care for dress or eating. An ardent Roman Catholic, she was bound to a family of rigid PLACE OF ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES. 87. The French method of placing adjectives after the nouns they modify has not become adopted to any large extent in English. a) We find it more or less regularly with the following adjectives: almighty, in God Almighty, in imitation of the Latin Deus Omnipotens. additional, when preceded by numeral name of measure. For 65 pounds additional you can get that music at any time. all-seeing, in the Eye All-seeing. I know one that prays that the Eye All-seeing shall find you in the humble place. HENRY ESM., III, CH. VII, 376. apparent, in the word-group heir-apparent and its imitations; formerly also apparent heir. (MURRAY, i. v. apparent and heir.) The Prince of Wales, or heir-apparent to the Crown. BLACKSTONE 1). designate (= appointed or nominated, but not yet installed), in certain titles, such as Bishop-Designate, Viceroy-Designate. The Right Honourable George N. Curzon, Viceroy-Designate of divine, especially in the collocation right divine. The hereditary champions of right divine cannot forgive us for having discovered a solution of the most dangerous of modern problems. TIMES. He said that woman is a two-legged dyspectic owl, and that the Note. It seems to be quite as usual to place divine before right. 1) MURRAY. |