b) adnominal clauses implying a condition. Shall has the same force as in the sentences mentioned under a).

i. They will never again listen to any orator who shall have the effrontery to tell them that their wages rise and fall with the price of the loaf.

MAC. 1).

How heavy their punishment will be who shall at any time resist!
H. E. GR., 173.

No weapon that is formed against thee shall prosper, and every
tongue that shall rise against thee in judgment thou shalt condemn.
BAIN, COMP., 181.

ii. He promised his daughter in marriage to any man who should tell him a story that should never end. STOF., HANDL., I.

c) substantive clauses, especially such as are introduced by compounds of ever, when implying a condition. Shall has the same force as in the quotations mentioned under a) and b).

i. I charge thee wait upon me whilst I live, To do whatever Faustus shall command. DocT. FAUST., III, 1. 37.

Whoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also. MATTH., V, 39.

Whoever shall now compare the country round Rome with the
country round Edinburgh, will be able to form some judgment
as to the tendency of Papal domination. MACAULAY 2).

Whatsoever you shall command, I shall perform. WESTW. Ho!,
CH. XII, 107 b.

ii. Monks, raising his face from the table, bent forward to listen to what the woman should say. DICKENS 3).

Note. In some verses of a similar tenor we find shall absent in the Auth. Version.

Whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment. MATTH. V, 22.

Whosoever looketh on a woman to lust after her, hath committed adultery with her already in his heart. ib., 28.

In like manner zullen is now used now suppressed in de

Staten-overzetting.

d) rhetorical questions that are tantamount to negative declarative sentences. Shall in this kind of sentences implies but a slight degree of uncertainty. Thus Who shall decide a question that had puzzled the ablest heads? approximates to Who is likely to decide a question etc., or to I am almost convinced that nobody will decide a

1) MOLLOY, CH. V, 48; 2) BAIN, COMP., 181; 3) MOLLOY, Cн. V, 49.

question etc. When shall such a hero live again? approaches to When is such a hero likely to live again? or to I am almost certain that such a hero will never live again.

Who shall tell the pleasure of that day? SAM. TITM., CH. XIII, 178. His blushes, his stumbles, his awkwardness, and the number of feet which he crushed as he went back to his place, who shall describe or calculate? VAN. FAIR, I, Cн. V 47.

And had timidity come with knowledge, who shall say who
guess what passed within her? NIGHT AND MORN., 445.
The ever-watchful William keeps an attentive eye at this season
on all deserted houses which afford promise of 'swag', and sooner
or later he is sure to test their fastenings with professional tools.
Who shall blame him? GRAPH.

Does a tiger lie in wait for a rat? Or shall an elephant charge a
tortoise? FALL. IDOL, PROL., 21.

26. Should as a verb of this group is found in:

a) certain rhetorical questions tantamount to negative declarative sentences. Like shall in 25d it expresses but a slight degree of uncertainty, but, unlike the latter, it implies at the same time some degree of (mock-) diffidence or (mock-) modesty. Note also that in contradistinction to shall it mostly has strong stress. Thus in the well-known lines ... A simple child... That gently draws its breath What should it know of death? the last line is equivalent to Most probably a child does not know anything of death, but I won't be quite positive about it.

What a deal of secrets Amelia learned which Miss Wirt and the
black-eyed young ladies over the way had no cognizance of.
As indeed how should any of those prim and reputable virgins?
VAN. FAIR, I, Cн. XII, 119.

"What'll Fagin say?" inquired the Dodger.

"What?" repeated

Charley Bates. "Ah what?" said the Dodger. "Why, what should he say?" inquired Charley stopping rather suddenly in his merriment. OL. TWIST, CH. XIII, 286.

"There are going to be many changes", he said. . - "I am ignorant of any changes", said Lucius, "what changes should there be?"BELL OF ST. PAULS, II, CH. XXVIII 203.

"I don't know what Mr. and Mrs. Shard will say, if...' "What should they say? It will not make the smallest difference to them". MAD. LEROUX, CH. X.

Who should harm me? HEREW., 23α.

b) certain pure questions implying curiosity on the part of the questioner. Thus What should she be doing there? is equivalent to I wonder what she is doing. or What can she be doing there?

She saw Barbara at her husband's door: what should she be doing there? E. LYNNE, II, 83.

we could

Note. This should occurs but seldom in present English. Thus
for Zou hij het al weten? Wie zou in dat groote
huis wonen? Wat zou dat toch beduiden?
hardly say *Should he know already? *Who should live in that
large house? *What should it signify? The English for the above
Dutch sentences would run I wonder whether he knows. I
wonder who lives in that large house. I wonder what it signifies.
BAIN (COMP. 194) gives the following instances: What should he
be doing? Where should this music be?, on which he comments
as follows: The speaker seems to be hesitating, revolving in
his mind the possible ways of satisfactorily answering the question.
I wonder where this music is; and at the same time I am trying
to make it out."

In Shakespeare, however, this should is frequent enough.
What should this mean? HAMLET, IV, 7, 50.

Brutus and Caesar: what should be in that Caesar? JUL. CAES., I, 1, 142.
He brushes his hat o' mornings: what should that bode? MUCH
ADO, III, 2.

Also in certain subordinate questions this should occurs repeatedly.
Dolf listened if the footsteps should return. DOLF HEYL.

Note. Sometimes would is found in the same sense and in the same
connection as this should. But it is anything but improbable
that this use of would should be considered due to mere carelessness.
"And what sort a husband would this Pendennis be?" many a
reader will ask. PEND., II, CH. XXXVIII, 415.

c) subordinate statements expressing a supposition that is a mere conception of the mind.

Heaven forbid that I should do any man an injustice. CoP., Cí.
XXXV, 252a.

I cannot bear that he should hear it from any one but me. CHUZ.,
CH. LIII, 4146.

I would have sooner given my forefinger than that he should have
gone to the dogs thus. WESTW. Ho!, CH. V, 41a.

I can hardly imagine anything more unfortunate than that he should become attached to either of your sisters. HEIR of REDC., I, CH. VII, 117.

Note. Subordinate statements of this description are often preceded by expressions of the following import: It is (was) not to be expected. It is (was) (im)possible.

Perhaps it was a result quite different from your expectations, that Mr. David Faux should have returned from the West Indies. BROTH. JAC., 389.

I haven't any reason to expect that you should be kinder to me than
to them. THE HARV. OF SIN, Cн. II.

You must not expect that I should give you any particular de-
scription of London. LIFE OF CHARL. BRONTË, 333.
How can you expect your breaking open my letters should give me
pleasure? GOOD-NAT. MAN, II.

I do not expect that you should owe me any good will now. Cop.,
Ch. XXXIII, 237a.

It was always likely Providence should be fonder of him than of
other apprentices. BROTH. JAC., 353.

She laboured to make it impossible that any other wife should have had more perfect tenderness. SIL. MARN., CH. XVII, 138.

It was impossible that a plot which had so many ramifications should long remain entirely concealed. CLIVE, 517a.

It does not seem possible always to give a satisfactory account
of the use of should after these phrases. Probably its employ-
ment is sometimes due to the laws of analogy. Nor are the
instances unfrequent in which it is found absent, or replaced
by an auxiliary of the future tense.

Is it possible that our young friend never heard of Jarndyce? BLEAK
HOUSE, CH. III, 13.

It was not likely that he would ever want that trifle. BROTH. Jac., 364.

d) adnominal clauses expressing a supposition that is a mere conception of the mind.

A survey of English nouns would indeed be deficient which should omit that curt, stunt, slang element to which we as a nation are so remarkably prone. EARLE, PHIL. § 374.

I conceive that his state of mind is very much like that of one who should sit down and write on the sun, moon, and planets, without ever having heard of Newton or Copernicus. FREEMAN 1). A minister who should in the present day address to a general on active service such a letter... would be driven from office by universal indignation 2).

1) MOLLOY, CH. IV, 49; 2) BAIN, COMP., 194.

27. Will as a verb of this class, expresses a feeling on the part of the speaker that he considers the action or state mentioned in the predicate as probable. In describing past events would is used in the same sense, but it is rather uncommon. The idiom is by some taken exception to. STORM, 741.

i.

This will be the Tower of London, I suppose. N. E. GR., § 2249.
"I must go home," she said at length. "Father will have come back
and will not know where I am." KN. ERR., CH. VII, 54.
Maroni won't have rehearsed anything else. ib. 203.

He will have heard the placards are all over the town. D. GRIEVE
III, 24.

Father'll be waiting for me. SIL. MARN. CH. XVII, 138.

How old should you say that neighbour will be. NEWS FROM
Nowн., CH. VIII, 53.

ii. In the early summer of 1812 when she would be twenty-nine (toen zij negen en twintig jaar zal geweest zijn) she came to visit her uncle. ib., 31.

Of the two younger ones I have very slight recollections, save that one, a darling child, under five years of age, was quite the pet nursling of the school. This would be Emily. LIFE OF CHARL. BRONTË, 55.

now never used in the same fout gemaakt hebben

Note. The companion verb shall is
sense. The Dutch Ik zal een
answers to I daresay I have made a mistake.
a mistake. Instances,
however, do occur in Shakespeare.

High and mighty, you shall know I am set naked on your kingdom.
HAML, IV, 7, 42.

THE VERBS OF THE SECOND GROUP.

28. The verbs of the second group are to be, to have, must, need, ought, shall, should, will.

The meaning of these verbs is often indicated by some word or expression in the principal sentence of a complex sentence containing a subordinate statement. In this case the service of these verbs is not, strictly speaking, required; their meaning appears more or less faded. and we find them to some extent varying with other verbs of the same group, and with forms of the subjunctive mood.

29. To be is used when the acting power is:

a) a decision made by a party other than either the speaker or the person spoken to.