CHAPTER VI. PREDICATIVE ADNOMINAL ADJUNCTS. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. I. Predicative adnominal adjuncts express a quality or state of persons or things a) by which the action or state expressed by the verb is attended. He got off the bench very nervous. VAN. FAIR, I, Cн. V, 42. b) in which they are thought or declared to be, into which they are brought, or in which they are wished to be. i. He believed the man insane. MAS., § 397. Pen was pronounced a tremendous fellow. PEND., I, CH. XVIII, 188. ii. Boy as he was, he was chosen king. GREEN. iii. It was my wife whom you wanted dead just now. PEND., I, Сн. XIII, 239. 2. The words and word-groups that are used as predicative adnominal adjuncts are adjectives or nouns, as in the quotations cited above, or adverbial words or word-groups that express a state and are, therefore, equivalent to adjectives. Having knocked the people up. CHUZ., CH. XLII, 330. (up = awake.) Could Miss Richland have set him at liberty? GOOT-NAT. MAN, IV. (at liberty free.) = Also adverbial adjuncts that express the place of a person or thing approximate to pred. adnom. adj. Thus in: They were walking in the garden. I have brought back your umbrella. For further instances see also CH. VIII, 35 and 36. Pred. adnom. adjuncts occur also in the form of verbals or undeveloped clauses. In this case they may express not only a quality or state, but an action. In the form of verbals and undeveloped clauses they are found in certain connections besides those mentioned above. Some instances will be given in the following discussion, but the subject will be dwelled on at considerable length in the chapters treating of undeveloped clauses. PREDICATIVE ADNOMINAL ADJUNCTS OF THE FIRST KIND. 3. Predicative adnominal adjuncts of the first kind bear a close resemblance to adverbial adjuncts of attendant circumstances. This becomes evident from the prevalent hesitation between adjective forms and adverbial forms in-ly of certain words. (GRONDHOUD, TAALSTUDIE, VIII.) The two following groups of quotations will bring out this hesitation: i. "Bless my soul!" said Pen laughing, "why, sir, he's the most popular man of the University." PEND., I, CH. XIX, 196. They went along singing. Mass., § 391. Amyas followed wondering. WESTW. Ho!, CH. XIV, 1206. MAS., § 391. "Don't call names," Dobbin said, getting off the bench very nervous. PEND., I, CH. XXI, 218. ii. Pen laughingly said, he by no means wished to be let off just debts he owed. PEND., I, CH. XVIII, 195. I got up on the outside of an omnibus and sat there very contentedly between a Jew-pedlar and a gentleman's servant. ib., I, CH. XVII, 173. He lived comfortably and happily with her all his life long. ANECD. (GUNTH., LEERB.) He suffered patiently. MAS., § 373. "Come, Mildred!" he cried impatiently at the carriage-door. MAD. Amelia heard the claret-bell ringing as she sat nervously upstairs. The disagreeable Man sat quietly by her side. SHIPS, I, CH. X, 42. The following is a queer instance of inconsistency: He looked at me very composedly; not angry, as I had feared. CH. VI. 4. Predicative adnominal adjuncts of the first kind mostly refer to the subject. See the quotations in the preceding §. They may, however, also refer to the object. We ought to give her some trifle as a present. JOHN HAL., Steele introduced him as the hero of a questionable and unseemly Guy, a little gentleman from his cradle, installed himself her I shall catch it for keeping you talking. EST. WAT., CH. I, 7. I left that lad alone with his mother. ib., CH. XXXIII, 355. In sentences containing an object, it is sometimes questionable whether the adjunct refers to the subject or the object. My brother complimented him as the first speaker of the evening. In the majority of cases, however, the context safeguards from misconception. See also the instances in 5. The adjunct almost regularly refers to the object after verbs of perceiving or discovering such as to see, to feel, to find, etc. The pressure on my nose was extremely painful, though I never thought of that till afterwards, when I found it very tender. Cor., CH. V, 31b. Enclosed you will find a letter. N. E. GR., § 1870. In this case it occurs mostly in the shape of an infinitive or a participle. (CH. XVIII and XX.) I saw him take out his watch. I heard him coming up the stairs. I have heard this tale told before. He had returned to Birmingham to find his lady-love flown. MEES. We also find pred. adnom. adjuncts modifying a noun in the genitive or a possessive pronoun. I am glad of your brother's success as a lawyer. Mr. Shard asked me what I thought of your getting a situation as 5. Before predicative adnominal adjuncts that are nouns, whether they refer to the subject or the object of the sentence, we often find the conjunction as. ii. i. On the 29th of July 1835, Charlotte went as teacher to Miss W.'s, Emily accompanied her as a pupil. LIFE OF CHARL, BRONTË, 101. She had thought and prayed there as girl and woman. ROB. ELSM., I, 172. I did not save you intentionally, so I am not posing as a philanthropist. SHIPS, I, CH. XX, 110. I envied the storm-worn people who had fallen at his feet and blessed him as their preserver. BLEAK HOUSE, CH. XXXV, 308. I treasured it as a keepsake. COP., CH. V, 336. The good Father said that he was proud of him, and fond of him Note as a matter of course als iets dat van zelf spreekt. 6. Before predicative adnominal adjuncts referring to the subject, as is more frequently dispensed with than the Dutch als. Especially after the following verbs is the absence of as usual: to come. He expected to come back a prince at least. WESTW. Ho!, to die. Wicked improvidence! To live a rogue, and die a beggar, lonely chambers, where he lives a godless old recluse. PEND., I, CH. XXIX, 310. He had lived a lonely man until she had been sent to him. SIL. MARN., CH. XVI, 126. to part. Why should we part enemies? He and Dobbin parted very good friends. MISS PROV., CH. XXVI. VAN. FAIR, I, CH. XX, 211. to return. He returned a very different person from the poor slighted boy who had been sent out ten years before. CLIVE, 510a. POUTSMA, A Grammar of Late Modern English. I. 15 He scarce knew which way to bend his course, being unwilling to return home to his father a disgraced and banished man. LAMB., TALES, TWO GENTLEM., 107. Also after a passive voice as may be absent. Three years later she died and Bartin was left an orphan and penniless. THE MARTIN, CH. I. You know if you had been born a Papist, mother, a Papist you would have remained to the end of your days. HENRY ESM., III, CH. II, 325. 7. The conjunction as is indispensable: a) when the adjunct precedes the subject. Neither as Queen of Denmark, nor as a Princess of Hesse-Cassel could she, indeed, be expected to entertain very cordial feelings towards Russia. TIMES. As a boy he had been too idle, as a man he soon became too busy for literary pursuits. CLIVE, 500a. b) when a relation of time or causality is implied. In this case as often has the meaning of in the capacity of. He who has suffered as a child learns to be gentle and long-suffering Jos went to Court as a loyal subject of his sovereign. VAN. FAIR, I came to tell you, as her cousin and the executor of her father's 8. When the adjunct refers to the object, as cannot, as a rule, be dispensed with. See the quotations under 5. It is, however, absent: a) regularly in the locutions to do (say, etc.) something the first (last) thing. To tell the truth, though, about the pin, although I mentioned it almost the last thing in the previous chapter, I assure you it was not the last thing in my thoughts. SAM. TITM., CH. V, 47. b) mostly in the locutions: 1) to keep a thing a secret (= to keep a thing secret); |