1. 3. leechee, a fruit about the size of a walnut, with a rough shell covering an opaque white pulp, somewhat like the white of a boiled egg, and very delicious in taste; originally brought from China.

1. 5. Covent Garden, the great fruit and flower market of London.

1. 11. Bootan, an independent territory on the north-eastern frontier of Bengal: whose tails, these fans, called cháoris, mounted in the horns of deer, are used by table-servants at meals, or by grooms at the back of carriages.

1. 20. Trissotin, the name of a character in Molière's comedy of Les Femmes Savantes, half man of fashion, half man of letters. 1. 34. the reckoning, the price to be paid.

1. 35. madrigal, properly a pastoral song, Ital. mandra, a flock, with suffix -gale, pertaining to.

P. 127, 1. 5. Dionysius, the younger, tyrant of Syracuse, B.C. 367-343, whose court was the resort of philosophers and men of letters.

1. 6. Frederic, second of the name, King of Prussia, and commonly entitled "the Great," who spent much of his time in literary pursuits and aimed at being thought a poet; 1712-97.

1. 8. provincial blue-stockings, see note on p. 112, 11. 14-7 ; provincial is used to mark the inferiority in intelligence of these blue-stockings in comparison with those enjoying the more refined and intellectual society of the capital.

11. 10, 1. the Hayleys and Sewards, people like Hayley and Seward, very third-rate authors who once enjoyed considerable reputation.

1. 30. uncovered, took off their hats, which many members wear when seated.

P. 128, ll. 8, 9. the Sheldonian Theatre, the Senate House at Oxford.

1. 17. the Guildhall, answering to the Town Hall in other towns and cities, the hall where the different guilds or companies of the city meet for the election of mayors, sheriffs, and burgesses, and further used as a court for the administration of justice in petty cases, and as a banqueting hall for civic festivities. The present building was begun in 1411, but little of the original structure now remains.

11. 21-5. his Royal ... Asia, the Prince Regent in presenting Hastings to these monarchs spoke of him as "the most deserving and one of the worst-used men in the Empire."

P. 129, 11. 3-6. the Great Abbey... Hall, Westminster Abbey,

the burial place of so many of England's greatest men; the Great Hall, Westminster Hall, i.e. the Houses of Parliament.

11. 8-13. Yet the place... name, "He was buried near his mother, and among his ancestors for many generations, in a new vault, close behind the chancel, which is marked by a pillar bearing an urn with his two names carved upon it, and surrounded by iron railings. The following inscription appears on a plain tablet within the church: 'In a vault just beyond the eastern extremity of this church lies the body of the Right Honourable Warren Hastings, of Daylesford House, in this parish, the first Governor-General of the British Territories in India, a member of His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, L. L.D., F.R.S., the last public effort of whose eminently virtuous and lengthened life was the re-erection of the second edifice [i.e. the rebuilding of Daylesford Church], which he superintended with singular energy and interest to its completion, and in which, alas! the holy rites of sepulture were very shortly afterwards performed over his mortal remains. He died 22nd August, 1818, aged 85 years and 8 months. 'Lord, now lettest Thou Thy servant depart in peace' "" (Sir C. Lawson). His widow also erected a tablet to his memory in Westminster Abbey.

1. 22. He had founded a polity, the whole administrative system of India up to that time was due to him.

1. 23. Richelieu, 1585-1642, Cardinal and Duke, the great French minister of state during the reign of Louis XIII.

1. 24. Cosmo, de' Medici, 1389-1464, a native of Florence, famous as a munificent patron of literature and art.

1. 29. in the fulness of age, at a ripe old age, in his eightysixth year.

APPENDIX I.

THE ROHILLA WAR.

Or the twenty charges presented by the managers of the impeachment of Hastings, that of the Rohilla War was the strongest. It was intrinsically strong because the proceedings of Hastings had undoubtedly resulted in bloodshed and hardship. It was, for the purpose of the impeachment, adventitiously strong because, as Macaulay says, "It had been condemned by the Court of Directors. It had been condemned by the House of Commons. It had been condemned by Mr. Dundas, who had since become the chief minister of the Crown for Indian affairs." The three points on which it was endeavoured to prove Hastings guilty were (1) that for such a war there was no justification, (2) that had there been justification, the war was attended with unnecessary cruelty, (3) that for such cruelty Hastings was answerable, if not in authorizing it, at all events in not taking sufficient precautions against its committal and in not checking it when brought to his notice.

In discussing these points my endeavour will merely be to summarize as clearly and as briefly as possible the facts, arguments, and conclusions of the exhaustive work recently published by Sir John Strachey under the title of Hastings and the Rohilla War. Sir John Strachey speaks with perhaps unrivalled authority not merely because he has studied with minute care every narrative of the events and every official paper that bears upon them, but because during a long period of service in Rohilkhand he was brought into close contact with the people of the country and with the descendants of those who were supposed to be so cruelly treated. That the two were not identical will be immediately shown. "Rohilkhand,” says Sir John Strachey, “has an area of 12,000 square miles, and extends from Hardwar, where the Ganges enters the plains from the mountains, along the foot of the Garwhal and Kumaon Himalaya, to the frontiers of Oudh, a distance of nearly 200 miles. It is now one of the richest and most highly cultivated parts of the North-Western Provinces; it includes six

British districts and many large towns, and in the middle of the province lies the small native state of Rampur, with about half a million people, ruled by a Mahommedan prince, the descendant and representative of one of the Rohilla chiefs of whose history I am about to write. We shall not find in the plains of Rohilkhand the 'fair valleys' of Macaulay's description; his 'snowy heights' at the sources of the Ramganga, the chief river of central Rohilkhand, are not quite so imaginary, but the beautiful hills from which it comes are hardly more snowy than those at the sources of the Thames."* Whoever the aborigines of this tract, the earliest inhabitants known to history were Hindus. When, with the rest of northern India, it became a province of the Mughal empire, many grants of lands were given to Musalmáns, and during their occupation a considerable proportion of the people embraced the Muslim religion. The country, in the main fertile and well-wooded, naturally attracted the notice of the hardy races beyond the north-western frontier, and the Hindu chiefs were too much occupied with their own quarrels to present a united front against interlopers. Thus, about the middle of the eighteenth century, the Rohillas, for the most part Yusufzai Afgháns, had made themselves inasters of the whole of Katehr, as it was formally called, and given it the name it still bears. The word "Rohilla" means merely 66 "mountaineer" or 'highlander," though it presently came to be synonymous with Pathán or Afghán. It is important to bear in mind the facts of this occupation, because Burke, Mill, and Macaulay have all insisted in giving the title of "nation" to a band of foreigners who had no better claim to the country than that of conquest, very recent conquest, their rule having lasted only some thirty-five years. It is also important to understand the character of these invaders, and their relation to the older inhabitants of the country. Of their character Sir J. Strachey remarks,† that "when they have been settled for several generations among a comparatively civilized people [they] lose in a great measure, but by no means entirely their barbarous characteristics, but the Pathan when he first entered India was, as he still is in his native mountains, a ruthless and treacherous savage. The character which these people bore in the last century was so precisely that which they bear now, that a description of them at the present day is as applicable as it would have been in the time of Ali Mohammad or of Hastings." He then quotes from Mr. D. Ibbetson's Report on the Census of the Punjab (1881), and from the Hayát-i-Afghán, a work descriptive of the people of this tribe on the Punjab frontier. Though these authorities give the Pathán credit for courage, open-handed hospitality, an air of masculine independ

* Hastings and the Rohilla War, p. 9.

↑ Hastings and the Rohilla War, pp. 22-7.

"I am

ence, a high sense of honour, and a jealous regard for the honour of their women, they also speak of him as being bloodthirsty, cruel, vindictive, desperately treacherous, scornful of peaceful occupations, invincibly ignorant, arrogant to a degree, boastful, avaricious, devoid of all notion of gratitude, etc., etc. far," continues Sir John, "from wishing it to be supposed that all the Rohillas were savages of this type. Some of them had been settled in India long enough to give them a tinge of civilization, and some of their chiefs were undoubtedly deserving of respect, but it is a matter of historical certainty that the descriptions which I have quoted would have been generally applicable to them... Agriculture and commerce,' Macaulay writes, "flourished among them, nor were they negligent of rhetoric and poetry.' The connection of the Rohillas with agriculture was this, that they collected the rents and revenue of the land as zemindars or superior landlords, the land itself being left in the occupation of the Hindu cultivators... Middleton, who was British resident with the Vizier during the whole of the Rohilla war, speaking of what he had himself seen and learned by personal observation in Rohilkhand, stated in his evidence before the House of Commons, 'the Rohillas never applied themselves to any profession but arins, never to husbandry, manufactures, or mechanic arts."" As to the "rhetoric and poetry" of Macaulay's idyllic romance, there appears to be no other foundation for their ascription to the Rohillas in general than the fact that their chief, Háfiz Rahmat, was something of a poet, and that the members of his family were men of education. Of the relative numbers of the Rohillas to the Hindus whom they conquered, it is probable that when they were ejected from Rohilkhand the former were to the latter as some forty thousand to a million. The chain of events which ultimately led to British intervention was as follows. In 1759 the Maráthas invaded Rohilkhand, and the Rohilla chiefs asked for help from Shuja-ud-daula, who, rapidly marching from Lucknow, drove the invaders with heavy loss across the Ganges. Twelve years later the Maráthas again invaded Rohilkhand. The Wazir's assistance was asked as before; and having good reason to believe that as soon as Rohilkhand had been conquered, his own territories would be the object of these insatiable freebooters, he was willing enough to support those who by their geographical position formed a buffer to his territory. He was, indeed, so greatly alarmed for his own safety that he sought to engage the Company in some concerted defence against a danger which, not without reason, he represented as threatening them in the event of his own overthrow. The Calcutta authorities, though anxious that other powers should resist the Maráthas, were unwilling to give their co-operation. However, at the Wazir's urgent entreaty they sent the Commander-in-Chief, Sir Robert Barker, to report on the circumstances, and ultimately,