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-only one cemetery was worthy to contain his remains. that temple of silence and reconciliation where the enmities of twenty generations lie buried, in the Great Abbey which has during many ages afforded a quiet resting-place to those whose minds and bodies have been shattered by the contentions of the Great Hall, the dust of the illustrious accused should have mingled with the dust of the illustrious accusers. This was not to be. Yet the place of interment was not ill chosen. Behind the chancel of the parish church of Daylesford, in earth which already held the bones of 10 many chiefs of the house of Hastings, was laid the coffin of the greatest man who has ever borne that ancient and widely extended name. On that very spot probably, fourscore years before, the little Warren, meanly clad and scantily fed, had played with the children of ploughmen. Even then his young mind had revolved plans which might be called romantic. Yet, however romantic, it is not likely that they had been so strange as the truth. Not only had the poor orphan retrieved the fallen fortunes of his line. Not only had he repurchased the old lands, and rebuilt the 20 old dwelling. He had preserved and extended an empire. He had founded a polity. He had administered government and war with more than the capacity of Richelieu. He had patronised learning with the judicious liberality of Cosmo. He had been attacked by the most formidable combination of enemies that ever sought the destruction of a single victim; and over that combination, after a struggle of ten years, he had triumphed. He had at length gone down to his grave in the fulness of age, in peace, after so many troubles, in honour, after so much obloquy.

Those who look on his character without favour or malevolence will pronounce that, in the two great elements of all social virtue, in respect for the rights of others, and in sympathy for the sufferings of others, he was deficient. His principles were somewhat lax. His heart was somewhat hard. But while we cannot with truth describe him either

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as a righteous or as a merciful ruler, we cannot regard without admiration the amplitude and fertility of his intellect, his rare talents for command, for administration, and for controversy, his dauntless courage, his honourable poverty, his fervent zeal for the interests of the state, his noble equanimity, tried by both extremes of fortune, and never disturbed by either.

NOTES.

P. 1. 1. 1. This book, Gleig's Life of Warren Hastings, 3 vols., 1841 Gleig, George Robert, 1796-1888, entered at Oxford in 1811, but left before taking his degree to join the 85th Regiment with which he served in the Peninsular and American Wars; in 1816 he went on half-pay, and returned to Oxford. Later on he was ordained a clergyman, and ultimately became ChaplainGeneral of the Forces. Besides the Life of Warren Hastings, he was author of Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans, Life of Sir Thomas Munro, History of India, Lives of Military Commanders, various Novels, Essays, etc. manufactured, a scornful expression, as though the book were merely the work of manual labour and owed nothing to intelligence or literary skill.

1. 8. undigested correspondence, a mass of letters printed without any such arrangement as would guide the reader in following the narrative.

1. 13. a bookmaker, one who cannot be said to write books, but only to make books by putting together material supplied to him, a sort of scissors and paste operation : cp. "manufactured," 1. 1.

11. 19, 20. is neither... Scott, is very far from having the literary power possessed by either Goldsmith or Scott. Goldsmith's school History of Greece was a very poor piece of work, undertaken not because he had deeply studied the subject or as a scholar was well fitted for the task, but because his poverty obliged him to accept any employment for his pen that was offered him. Scott's Life of Napoleon was likewise a piece of mere drudgery for which his genius was but poorly adapted.

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11. 25-P. 2. 1. 2. which bear... Man, which in point of moral doctrine are as much below the standard of Machiavelli's " "Prince as that work is below the "Whole Duty of Man." The Prince, Del Principe, was a treatise on King-craft written by Nicolo Machiavelli, the celebrated Florentine statesman and historian, in 1542, for the instruction of the young Lorenzo de Medici. Of 131

its character Macaulay, Essay on Machiavelli, writes, "It is indeed scarcely possible for any person not well acquainted with the history and literature of Italy to read, without horror and amazement, the celebrated treatise which has brought so much obloquy on the name of Machiavelli. Such a display of wickedness, naked, yet not ashamed, such cool, judicious, scientific atrocity seem rather to belong to a fiend than to the most depraved of men. Principles which the most hardened ruffian would scarcely hint to his most trusted accomplice, or avow, without the disguise of palliating sophism, even to his own mind, are professed without the slightest circumlocution, and assumed as the fundamental axioms of all political science." Later on in the same Essay, Macaulay attributes the immorality of the book rather to the spirit of the times, the state of moral feeling among the Italians of the period, than to any peculiar depravity of character and intellect on the part of its author. the Whole Duty of Man, a well-known treatise on the subject, which has been ascribed on strong grounds to Richard Allestre, D.D., Regius Professor of Divinity, Oxford, and Provost of Eton. Cowper spoke of it as "that repository of self-righteousness and pharisaical lumber"; an opinion with which Southey wholly disagreed.

1. 6. Furor Biographicus, the mania which causes biographers to see nothing but perfection in the characters of those whose lives they have undertaken to write : what Macaulay elsewhere calls the lues Boswelliana, because in Boswell's Life of Johnson the disease was exhibited in its most prominent form.

1. 7. the goître, a swelling of the throat prevalent more especially in mountainous districts, but supposed to be due rather to some mineral impregnation of the drinking water than to the climate; F. goître, a swelled neck, Lat. guttur, throat.

11. 15, 6. neither is it that... 1813, see below, pp. 127, 8.

11. 17-9. to represent ... ridiculous, i.e. because according to Macaulay's belief, great crimes were proved against him. Yet, though high-handed acts and mistakes of policy are to be set down to the account of Hastings, the dark spots on his fame, which Macaulay has laboured to make still darker, have on fuller inquiry been shown to be set upon it by calumny and ignorance of facts, and his private character may be said to have been almost stainless. For a full consideration of the more important charges brought against him, see Appendixes.

11. 25, 6. the splendour... spots, his even many spots could not obscure it. on the sun.

fame was so bright that The image is from spots

1. 27. Mr. Mill, the value of Mill's History of India, though in some respects great, is much marred by his unfairness, which

in respect to Hastings is most pronounced. Sir J. Stephen and Sir J. Strachey convict him of bad faith, inaccuracy, and misrepresentation.

1. 30. a daub... unnatural, a mere mass of colour that blurred instead of revealing the characteristics of the real man: to daub is to smear over, to plaster: insipid, tasteless, without flavour, here giving no taste of what the man was.

1. 32. young Lely, Sir Peter Lely, a celebrated portrait painter, 1617-1680, born in Westphalia. The name of his father, a native of Holland, was Van der Waes, and Le Lys or Lely, a nickname given to him, was adopted by his son. In 1641 he came to England where he was patronized successively by Charles I., Cromwell, and Charles II., the last of whom appointed him state-painter, and conferred knighthood upon him. Originally a painter of historical subjects and landscapes, he afterwards became famous as a portrait painter of the school of Vandyck. His most famous work is a collection of portraits of the ladies of Charles the Second's Court. Cromwell was painted by him about 1650.

P. 3. 1. 1. regular features, here used contemptuously of common-place features that showed no distinctive traits of character, though want of individuality is not necessarily involved in regularity of feature.

The

1. 2. curl-pated minions, effeminate courtiers who wore their hair long and paid great attention to the curling of their locks, as contrasted with the " Roundheads," the Puritan followers of Cromwell, who in their austerity cut their hair close. love-locks, afterwards so fashionable and so often the subject of ridicule and satire, were introduced from France by Charles the First. minion, a favourite flatterer; F. mignon, adjective, dainty, neat, spruce.

1. 3. should go forth, sc. to the world.

1. 6. policy, statesmanship.

11. 10, 1. Warren Hastings race, Hastings derived his Christian name from his mother, Hester Warren, daughter of a gentleman who owned a small estate in Gloucestershire. The taunt which Burke at the impeachment of Hastings flung at him of his being of "low, obscure, and vulgar origin," is supposed to have been due to the scandalous malignity of Francis. But, says Trotter, Warren Hastings, p. 9, "Had the charge been never so well founded, it could have taken nothing from the honour due to one whose public record needed no blazonry from the College of Heralds."

1. 12. the great Danish sea-king, Hasting, the Danish leader who invaded England in 893. See Green, A Short History of

the English People, p. 53.

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