64: 31. Benares. Between Oude and Bengal, the center of the Brahman religion, which maintains the sacredness of certain animals, especially of the cow and the ape.

65: 17. St. James's. A London palace, the seat of the English

court.

65: 17. Versailles, (Vĕr-sâ' ē). A city of northern France, and during Hastings' time, the seat of the French court.

65: 19. Golconda. A town of the Dekkan, near Haidarabad. See map of India.

65: 19. Cashmere (or Kashmir). In the mountainous northern border of Hindustan. See the map.

66: 17. Fall of the house of Tamerlane. The Moguls had suffered a decisive defeat at the hands of the English at Baxar in 1764, since which their power had been merely nominal. See note on Tamerlane, p. 51, l. 19.

66: 23. Carlovingian empire. Founded by Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, in the year 800, and comprising Germany, Lombardy and Italy. His successors were unsuccessful in holding this realm together. When in 987 Hugh Capet, chosen King of France, attempted a reorganization, he found the powerful dukedoms of Normandy and Brittany grown virtually independent, although no constitution made them so.

66: 32. Charles the Tenth. King of France in 1824, but dethroned in 1830 because of tyrannical measures in violation of an existing constitution.

66: 35. Prince Louis Bonaparte. Napoleon III (1808-1873), a nephew of the first Napoleon, who attempted in 1836 to seize the French throne. His acts as well as those of Charles X, Macaulay considers more open to censure than those of Hugh Capet and Hastings, since they occurred in a better organized society.

67: 13. He was a prisoner. See p. 51 of the text and note on Peshwa, 1. 25.

70: 14. As he had .. sold Allahabad and Rohilcund. See pp. 23-26 of the text.

71: 19. The Black Town of Calcutta. The northern part of Calcutta, where only the dark-skinned natives live.

72:8. English cantonments. The English quarters in different native towns.

73: 10. Major Popham. He had won a notable victory for the English in the capture of Gualior, a Maratha post, in 1781.

74: 32. Lucknow. The capital of Oude, on the Goomti (or Gumti) river. See map of India.

75: 1. Chunar. About twenty miles south of Benares. See map of India.

75: 23. Fyzabad (or Faizabad). Sixty-five miles east of Lucknow. Locate it upon the map.

76: 33. The English resident. An English minister was kept by the government at each court with which it had relations.

78: 5. Delivered to the tormentors. This story of the torturing of the eunuchs has been disproved.

78: 30. Sir Elijah Impey's conduct. Impey declared later that his purpose had been merely to authenticate Hastings' account of the events at Benares. For a fair hearing of " the other side," which Macaulay's censure ignores, read J. F. Stephen's Story of Nuncomar and the Impeachment of Sir Elijah Impey, Vol. II.

79: 7. Deponents. Persons giving under oath written testimony to be used in a trial.

79: 26. Stripped of that robe. Macaulay forgets that Impey was acquitted at his trial for impeachment. See note on Elijah Impey, p. 5, l. II.

79: 26. The Revolution. In 1688 against the rule of James II. See note on Jeffreys, p. 59, l. 12.

81: 16. The right of legislating.

Parliament from 1782 to 1800.

Ireland had an independent

81: 20. Minorca and Florida. Ceded to England by Spain in 1763. Minorca is an island in the Mediterranean, east of Spain.

81: 21. Senegal. A French settlement on the west coast of Africa.

81: 21. Goree. An island near Senegal. These possessions England had seized in 1756. France now retook them in 1779.

82: 4. Louis the Sixteenth (1754-1793). At this time King of France.

82: 5. Emperor Joseph II, ruler of Germany from 1765 to 1790. 82: 32. Downing Street. A street in London containing several administration buildings: the Home and Foreign Offices, the Exchequer, and others.

82: 33. Somerset House. A building containing the offices of the Auditor and the Inland Revenue Department.

83: 12. Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of (1650-1722), the commander of the British army during the War of the Spanish Succession. He was constantly opposed in his plans by the phlegmatic and obstinate Dutch allies, but in spite of this won the battle of Blenheim in 1704, as well as other victories.

83: 13. Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of (1769-1852), commander in chief in Spain and Portugal during the wars with Napoleon, and hero of Waterloo in 1815. He was much crippled by the inefficient aid given him by the Prince of Portugal, then Regent, and by the dictatorial measures of the Spanish Juntas, or Parliaments.

83: 15. Perceval, Spencer (1762-1812), Chancellor of the Exchequer, and during the Peninsular War, Prime Minister of England. His narrow policy was a great hindrance to Wellington's plans for an active, offensive campaign.

85: 3. Milton, John (1608-1674). England's greatest poet, author of Paradise Lost.

85:3. Adam Smith (1723-1790). A noted Scottish writer on economic problems.

85: 7. A far more virtuous ruler. Sir William Bentinck (17741839), Governor-General of India from 1828 to 1835. He abolished the suttee, the custom of sacrificing Hindu widows upon the funeral pyres of their husbands.

85: 17. His encouragement. See again pp. 10, II of the text.

85: 18. The Asiatic Society. See note on Jones's Grammar, p. 45,

1. 14.

85: 28. The spirit of the Portuguese government. The Portuguese had shown an attitude of cruel persecution towards the native religions of the Indies.

88: 18. Zemindars. Native landholders, taxed by the British government, who in turn relet the land and collected revenue.

88: 21. Carlton House. The luxurious residence of the Prince Regent, later George the Fourth.

88: 21. The Palais Royal. A magnificent Parisian palace, once occupied by royalty.

89: 5. Roundhouse. Cabin.

89: 16. Sir Charles Grandison. The hero of a sentimental novel
by Samuel Richardson, published in 1753.

89: 32. Horace (65 B. C.-8 A. D.). A celebrated Roman poet
and satirist, author of the Odes, one of which commences in the words
quoted: Otium Divos rogat (One prays the gods for quiet).

89: 34. Lord Teignmouth (1751-1834). Governor-General of
India (1793-1798).

90: 7. Leadenhall Street. See note on p. 19, l. 13.

90: 8. Cheltenham. A fashionable watering place in Gloucester-
shire.

90: 10. The Queen. Charlotte Sophia (1744-1818), wife of
George III.

91: 2. Mr. Grattan. Henry Grattan (1746-1820), an Irish orator,
influential in obtaining Ireland's independent Parliament.

91: 11. Hannibal (247-183 B. C.). A Carthaginian general of
genius who nearly succeeded in capturing Rome.

91: 11. Waterloo. The decisive battle in 1815, when the forces
of the Allies under Wellington defeated Napoleon.

91: 11. Themistocles (c. 527-c. 460 B. C.). A Greek leader, who
defeated the Persian naval force at Salamis in 480 B. C.

91: 12. Trafalgar. A cape in southern Spain, the scene in 1805
of the naval victory of the English under Nelson over the French
and Spanish.

91: 24. Wedderburn, Alexander (1733-1805), a Scotch lawyer,
Lord Chancellor of England from 1793 to 1801.

92: 17. To the trunkmakers and the pastrycooks. That is, was
valueless save as waste paper for lining trunks or bakery shelves.

92: 22. That reptile. This vulgar abuse was, however, mutual.
92: 28. Lord Mansfield. William Murray (1705-1793), Lord
Chief Justice in 1756, a stanch Tory.

92: 29. Lord Lansdowne.
Minister, 1782-1783.

William Petty (1737-1805), Prime

92: 31. The ministers. The leading members of the cabinet.
See note on The cabinet, p. 46, l. 17. A powerful Coalition Ministry
had in 1783 been formed by Fox (Charles James, 1749-1806), a
radical Whig, Burke, a conservative Whig, and Lord North, the Tory.
But when later in 1783 Fox's East India Bill was defeated, they
were removed from office. They thereupon headed the Opposition

Party against Pitt, then only twenty-five, who became Prime Minister, and Thurlow (Edward, 1731-1806), who was made the Lord High Chancellor, the highest judicial officer of the Crown. See the notes on Pitt and Burke, on pp. 14 and 15, and that on Lord North on p. 30 of the text.

92:34. Mr. Fox's East India Bill. This provided for a transfer of the entire government of British India from the East India Company to seven commissioners to be appointed by Parliament, thus giving chance for party control of Indian interests.

94: 16. Brooks's. A London clubhouse, a favorite meeting place of the Whigs.

94:31. St. James's, i. e., at Court. See note on p. 65, l. 17. 95: 35. Burke, alienated from Fox. Chiefly because of the latter's sympathy with the French Revolution.

96: 1. The French republic. Established in 1793.

96: 12. Las Casas (1474-1566). A Spanish Dominican, who defended the Mexican Indians against the cruelty of his country

men.

96: 12. Clarkson, Thomas (1760-1846). Prominent in the cause of abolition.

97: 11. Mecca. The sacred city of the Mohammedans, in Arabia. 97: 15. Yellow streaks of sect. A yellow mark in the middle of the brow was the badge of a Brahman.

97: 21. Beaconsfield. A town twenty-four miles west of London in Buckinghamshire, where Burke owned an estate.

97: 28. Lord George Gordon's riots. Lord Gordon (1751-1793) was the President of the Protestant Association which in 1780 demanded the restoration of certain intolerant anti-Catholic laws. The demand resulted in a week's reign of terror for London.

97: 29. Dr. Dodd. William Dodd (1729-1777), an English clergyman executed for forging Lord Chesterfield's name.

98: 23. The Regency. During George the Third's temporary insanity in 1788, the Prince of Wales' right to become Regent without an act of Parliament was debated.

98: 24. The French Revolution. From 1789 to 1793, of which the capture of the Bastille, the notorious state prison of Paris, and the execution of the Queen, Marie Antoinette, were incidents. Read Burke's Reflections on the French Revolution.