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marks of royal favor. Hastings was sworn of the Privy Council, and was admitted to a long private audience of the Prince Regent, who treated him very graciously. When the Emperor of Russia and the King of Prussia visited England, Hastings 5 appeared in their train both at Oxford and in the Guildhall of London, and, though surrounded by a crowd of princes and great warriors, was everywhere received with marks of respect and admiration. He was presented by the Prince Regent both to Alexander and to Frederick William; and his Royal Highness went so far as to declare in public that honors far higher than a seat in the Privy Council were due, and would soon be paid, to the man who had saved the British dominions in Asia. Hastings now confidently expected a peerage; but, from some unexplained cause, he was again disappointed. 15 213. He lived about four years longer, in the enjoyment of good spirits, of faculties not impaired to any painful or degrading extent, and of health such as is rarely enjoyed by those who attain such an age. At length, on the twentysecond of August, 1818, in the eighty-sixth year of his age, 20 he met death with the same tranquil and decorous fortitude which he had opposed to all the trials of his various and eventful life.

214. With all his faults, and they were neither few nor small, only one cemetery was worthy to contain his remains. 25 In that temple of silence and reconciliation where the enmities of twenty generations lie buried, in the Great Abbey which has during many ages afforded a quiet resting place to those whose minds and bodies have been shattered by the contentions of the Great Hall, the dust of the illustrious accused 30 should have mingled with the dust of the illustrious accusers. This was not to be. Yet the place of interment was not illchosen. Behind the chancel of the parish church of Daylesford, in earth which already held the bones of many chiefs of the house of Hastings, was laid the coffin of the greatest man 35 who has ever borne that ancient and widely extended name.

On that very spot, probably, fourscore years before, the little Warren, meanly clad and scantily fed, had played with the children of plowmen. Even then his young mind had revolved plans which might be called romantic. Yet, however romantic, it is not likely that they had been so strange as the s truth. Not only had the poor orphan retrieved the fallen fortunes of his line. Not only had he repurchased the old lands, and rebuilt the old dwelling. He had preserved and extended an empire. He had founded a polity. He had administered government and war with more than the capacity of Richelieu. 10 He had patronized learning with the judicious liberality of Cosmo. He had been attacked by the most formidable combination of enemies that ever sought the destruction of a single victim; and over that combination, after a struggle of ten years, he had triumphed. He had at length gone down to his 15 grave in the fullness of age, in peace, after so many troubles, in honor, after so much obloquy.

215. Those who look on his character without favor or malevolence will pronounce that, in the two great elements of all social virtue, in respect for the rights of others, and in 20 sympathy for the sufferings of others, he was deficient. His principles were somewhat lax. His heart was somewhat hard. But though we cannot with truth describe him either as a righteous or as a merciful ruler, we cannot regard without admiration the amplitude and fertility of his intellect, his 25 rare talents for command, for administration, and for controversy, his dauntless courage, his honorable poverty, his fervent zeal for the interests of the state, his noble equanimity, tried by both extremes of fortune, and never disturbed by either.

NOTES

LORD CLIVE

(Numerals in heavy type refer to the pages of the text, the lighter ones to the lines.)

Macaulay's spelling of Indian proper names has been retained throughout the Essay and on the Map. Later authorities have adopted a more scientific system of transliteration which results in an increased consistency and which in many cases differs considerably from the spelling of Macaulay's time. For example, the Hindoo, Bengalee, Mahommedan, Seik, Surajah Dowlah, Guzerat, Burrampooter of Macaulay are to-day generally spelled Hindu, Bengali, Mohammedan, Sikh, Siraj-ud-daula, Gujarat and Brahmaputra. Most of the important differences are pointed out in the Notes, the modern form being indicated by or" and parentheses. The student should establish all geographical points by a close inspection of the map of India, on page xvi of the Introduction.

66

Lord Clive. Macaulay wrote this essay in 1840 for the Edinburgh Review. His apparent object was to review the Life of Lord Clive published four years before by Major General Sir John Malcolm (1769-1833). In reality it gave him scope to reveal his own research work in Indian affairs.

1: 5. Montezuma (c. 1480-1520). A Mexican King imprisoned in 1519 by the Spanish explorer, Hernando Cortes (1485-1547).

1: 6. Atahualpa (ä'tà-wäl'pà) (c. 1485-1533). The native ruler of Peru, treacherously strangled with a bowstring at the command of Francisco Pizarro, a Spanish explorer (c. 1471-1541).

1: 8. Buxar (or Baxar). A town of Bengal, the northeastern district of India. At Baxar the British led by Major Hector Munro won in 1764 an important battle over the combined Indian forces of the Nabob of Oude and Mir Kasim, Nabob of Patna.

1: 9. Patna. In Bengal, on the Ganges River, where in 1763 a number of helpless English prisoners were brutally murdered by Mir Kasim.

1:9. Sujah Dowlah. Viceroy of Oude. See pp. 24-30 of the Essay on Warren Hastings.

1: 9. Oude (owd). A province in northern India.

1: 9. Travancore. A small province in the extreme southwest of India.

1: 10. Holkar, a powerful Hindoo (or Hindu) chief among the Marathas, a tribe located during the seventeenth century in western India. The Hindus were the native race of Hindustan. A Mussulman is a Mohammedan.

I: II. Savages. Macaulay exaggerates in this passage. The Aztecs, or native Mexicans, had reached a civilization in many respects remarkable. They wrought skillfully in precious metals. See Prescott's history, The Conquest of Mexico.

1: 22 ff. Important cities of Spain. Saragossa and Seville contain noted cathedrals; Toledo is noted for manufacturing swordblades; Barcelona and Cadiz are large commercial centers.

1: 25. Ferdinand the Catholic, King of Spain from 1479-1516. Notable events of his reign were the expulsion of the Moors, the Inquisition and the discoveries of Columbus.

1: 27. The Great Captain. Gonsalvo de Cordova (1453–1515), a victorious General, who served Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain in their wars against the Moors.

2: 7. Mr. Mill. James Mill (1773-1836), father of John Stuart Mill. His History of India published in 1818 is much discredited by modern critics for its inaccuracies.

2: 10. Orme, Robert (1728-1801). He was made in 1754 a member of the governing Council at Fort St. George.

2: 20. Lord Powis. Edward Clive (1754-1839), Robert Clive's oldest son, Governor of Madras (1798-1803).

2:31. Character. Note Macaulay's misuse of the word as now understood.

3:10. Shropshire. A county of western England.

3: 28. One of his uncles. A certain Mr. Bayley.

4: 6. One of his masters. Dr. Eaton of Lostocke, Cheshire. He said, "If that lad should live to be a man, and an opportunity be