are the signs of substance, are causes of impression produced by impulsions, etc., and have causes of different classes, is explained in like manner.

2. Actions having Substances as their Substrata Which substances have these five actions respectively as being their substrata?

The action throwing upwards has its substrata in all of earth, water, fire, wind, and in mind.

The actions throwing downwards and going are explained as in the case of the action throwing upwards.

The action contracting has its substrata in large and long substances, which are effects of a particular arrangement of very loosely connected parts.

The action expanding is explained as in the case of the action contracting.

3. Actions pervading their Substrata

Which of these five actions pervade their substrata; which do not pervade them?

All these actions pervade their substrata.

Some say that actions abiding in atoms and mind pervade their substrata, while those abiding in binary atomic compounds, etc., do not pervade their substrata.

4. Actions in Body, etc.

Of these five the actions existing inside (of a body) have as their inherent cause the body and its organs, i.e., the four sense-organs of smell, taste, touch, and sight, and mind.

(1)

The first action in the body is preceded by desire, and has conjunction with, and effort of, self as its non-inherent causes. (2)

The second action and so forth have (in order) the impression (of their last action) as their non-inherent cause. (3)

Actions residing in mind and in the parts (of the body) are explained like the actions in the body. (4)

The first actions in the nose, the tongue, the skin, and the eyes have conjunction with self and that of effort (of self) with the body as their non-inherent causes. (5) The second action and so forth have (in order) the impression (of their last action) as their non-inherent (6)

cause.

The actions in pestles and staffs, etc., and in a garland, a necklace, and perfume, etc., which belong to the body, are explained like the actions in the nose, etc. (7)

The first action of the falling down of a sleeper's body has gravity as its non-inherent cause. (8)

The second action and so forth have (in order) gravity and the impression (of their last action) as their noninherent causes.

(9)

The actions of breathing in and out, or the first action, of sleepers are, because there is as yet no desire, preceded by the instinct to live, and have their non-inherent cause in conjunction of effort with self. (10)

The second action and so forth have (in order) the impression (of their last action) as their non-inherent cause. (11)

The first action of the running down of water has fluidity as its non-inherent cause. (12)

The second action and so on have (in order) fluidity and the impression (of their last action) as their non-inherent

The first actions of the upward flaming of fire and of the sideward blowing of wind have conjunction of merit and demerit with self as their non-inherent cause. (14)

The second action and so forth are as above explained. (15) The first action of the causes producing bodies from atoms of the four elements has conjunction of merit and demerit with self as its non-inherent cause. (16)

The second action and so on are as explained above. (17)

Actions causing change in trees, etc., and those residing in binary atomic compounds, etc., are as explained in the case of actions producing bodies. (18)

The first action of the inclination and repugnance in mind has conjunction of merit and demerit with self as its non-inherent cause. (19)

The second action and so forth are as explained above.

(20)

The first action of the actions in the (present) world, which represent the ripening of the happy and the unhappy effects of creatures, has conjunction of merit and demerit with self as its non-inherent cause.

(21)

The second action and so on are as explained above. (22) The actions in earth, water, and fire resulting from impulsion, impact, and (conjunction with) the conjunct have conjunction, gravity, fluidity, effort, and impetus as their non-inherent causes. (23)

These can be any of the actions throwing upwards and so on according to the circumstances (or their substrata). If they are in fire, gravity is omitted; if in wind, fluidity is omitted; and if in mind, impulsion and impact are omitted. (24)

Section 4.-Existence

Is the before-mentioned existence a product or nonproduct?

Existence is certainly non-product.

That it is eternal, is without attributes in itself, is inactive, and does not consist of parts, is explained as above.

Existence possesses (i.e. exists in) substances, attributes, and actions; it is something inherent in these (three) categories, with the exception of universality, potentiality, non-potentiality, commonness, and particularity, and is one; it is the cause of the general notion (with respect to the first three categories) that they are existent and an independent entity.

Section 5.-Particularity

Particularity exists in substances, has one substance as its substratum, is the cause of the intellection of excluding others and determining the one, exists in ether, space, and time, is the cause of the notion with respect to ether, etc. (that that is ether, space, or time), and is eternal, nonproduct, is without attributes and inactive, does not consist of parts, is something inherent in the category (substance), with the exception of existence, potentiality, non-potentiality, commonness, and particularity, and is more than one.

Section 6.-Inherence

Inherence is only one, eternal, and non-product; it does not consist of parts; it is incorporeal, and the cause of being inherent of all substances, attributes, actions, universality, particularities, potentiality, non-potentiality, and commonness; it has for mark the recognition (of its existence).

Sections 7-8.-Potentiality and Non-potentiality

Is the before-mentioned potentiality a product or nonproduct?

Potentiality is certainly non-product.

That it is eternal, without attributes, inactive, does not consist of parts, and is incorporeal, is explained in like

manner.

Potentiality is different according as it resides in substances, attributes, or actions; it is something inherent in the categories, with the exception of universality, potentiality, non-potentiality, commonness, and particularity; it is more than one, and is also the cause of the notions (with respect to the categories that they are potential).

Non-potentiality is explained by the analogy of potentiality.

Section 9.-Commonness

Commonness as substance-ness pervades the category substance; it is something inherent in substances, it is one and incorporeal, it does not consist of parts, it is inactive, without attributes, eternal, and non-product; it inheres commonly in all the substances, but it is different from the commonnesses in attributes and actions.

Commonness as attribute-ness, as action-ness, or as earth-ness is explained as in the case of commonness as substance-ness.

Section 10.-Non-existence

1. Non-existences Eternal and Non-eternal

Which of these five non-existences are eternal; which are non-eternal ?

Antecedent non-existence is non-eternal, because it is opposed to the products of substances, attributes, and actions.

Subsequent non-existence, reciprocal non-existence, and absolute non-existence are altogether eternal, because they are not destroyed by substances, etc.

Natural non-existence is either eternal or non-eternal. In what case is natural non-existence eternal ?

The substances earth, etc., are not in the inherence relation to other attributes (than their own).

Universality - particularity (i.e. commonness), like substance-ness, etc., potentiality, non-potentiality, and particularity, does not inhere in substrata other than its own (respective).

Existence does not inhere in universality, etc.

In what case is natural non-existence non-eternal ? There is the case where a substance does not conjoin with other substances, but will certainly conjoin with them afterwards. (Before the conjunction takes place) the former does not exist in the latter.