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the rivers croffed by Alexander, during his famous expedition into India; of which more will be faid hereafter.

Befides the places found in this map, I have inferted others, from the authority of the Ayeneh Acbaree; feveral from implied fituations in Ferifhta; others from Sherifeddin's hiftory of Timur * ; (particularly his march from Toulouba to Adjodin and Batnir) and others from various MSS. in my poffeffion. The divifion of the country, is entirely from the Ayeneh Acbaree.

The town of Adjodin, often mentioned by Ferifhta, and Sherifeddin, is recognized in the MS. map, by the circumstance of its containing the tomb of Sheik Furrid, which was vifited by Timur. In the map it is called Paukputton; but it perfectly answers to the pofition of Adjodin, as described by the above authors; and is a point, on the fixing of which a great many others depend.

The next river to the east of the Sinde, or Attock, and the the westmost of the five rivers, is, in modern language, called Behat, or Chelum; whofe general courfe is nearly parallel to that of the Attock, but its bulk is less. This is the famous Hydafpes of Alexander, and faid by the Ayeneh Acbaree to be anciently called Bedifta. It runs through Cashmere, and was supposed by M. D'Anville (tho' erroneously) to join the Sinde at Attock. Tavernier feems to have led M. D'Anville into this mistake; which has finally been the occafion of mifplacing, and of course mifnaming, all the other four rivers.

The second river is the Jenaub, or Chunaub; and is the Acefines of Alexander. The third is the Rauvee, or Hydräotes of Alexander; on the south bank of which stands the city of Lahore. These three rivers fucceffively unite with each other at some diftance above Moultan; and form a stream equal to the Indus itself. Its rapidity and breadth are particularly remarked by the historians of Alexander and of Timur,

Tranflated by M. de la Croix.

The

The fourth river is the Beah, or Biah; and the fifth is the Setlege, or Suttuluz. These two rivers unite about midway between their fprings, and their junction with the Indus; and their mixt waters properly bear the name of Setlege. Some authors, Sherefeddin in particular, call it Biah; and from the indifcriminate ufe of the two names, much confufion has arifen *.

The Setlege, thus formed by the joint waters of the two rivers, is the Hyphasis of Alexander, and is a very confiderable river, being navigable 200 miles above its conflux with the Indus. It paffes on the south of, and not far from, the city of Moultan; and about 80 miles below it, according to the Latin Itinerary, it falls into the Indus.

The Panjab country having been in the route of the three great conquerors, Alexander, Timur (or Tamerlane) and Nadir Shaw; it may not be amifs in this place to trace the line of their routes +.

I take it for granted, that Alexander croffed the Indus at the place where the city of Attock now ftands; as it appears to have been in all ages, the pass on the Indus, leading from the countries of Cabul and Candahar, into India: and this is ftrongly indicated by the circumftance of Acbar's building the fortress of Attock, to command it. Mr. Frafer, in his hiftory of Nadir Shaw, fays, "there is but one place where an army can conveniently be tranfported, the stream being fo rapid in most parts. There is a "castle commanding that paffage, called the castle of Attock." Attock then, muft ftand on the fite of the Taxila of Alexander. From thence, as his intention appears to have been to penetrate

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* The modern European Geographers have added to these names, thofe of Caul and Dena. Ptolemy calls it Zaradrus.

+ I purposely omit the name of Turmechirin Cawn, a defcendant of Gengis, or Zingis. Cawn, who made an irruption into Hindooftan about the year 1240; because the particulars of his route are wanting. Sherefeddin mentions, in one place, that he croffed the Jenaub at Toulouba; and in another, that he befieged the city of Merat in the Dooab-But Ferifhta confines the exploits of this defcendant of Zingis (for his name is not mentioned) to the Panjab country.

About 326 years before Christ.

by.

by the shortest way to the Ganges, he would proceed by the ordinary road to that part of the bank of the Hydafpes (Behat) where the fortress of Rotas now ftands; and here he put into execution his stratagem for croffing the river, whilft the oppofite shore was poffeffed by Porus. After croffing the Acefines (Jenaub) and Hydraotes (Rauvee) which latter he may be supposed to cross at the place where Lahore now ftands, he appears to be drawn out of the direct route towards the Ganges, to attack the city of Sangala, or Sagala, moft probably lying between Lahore and Moultan. From Sangala, he proceeded to the river Hyphafis (Setlege) most probably between Adjodin and Debalpour, by the circumstance of the deserts being between him and the Ganges. For the country between the Beah and the Ganges, is fertile and well inhabited; but that between the lower parts of the Setlege and the Ganges, has really a defert in it; as Timur experienced in his march from Adjodin to Batnir. The distance between Alexander's pofition on the Hyphafis (Setlege) and the Jumna (as given by Pliny) accords with this opinion. He gives it at 336 Roman miles; which, by a proportional fcale formed from his distances in known places, reaches from the banks of the Jumna, to a point a little below the conflux of the Beah and Setlege *. But had Alexander been as high up the river, as the place where the great western road croffes from Lahore to Delhi, he would have been only 230 fuch miles from the Jumna.

This opinion is (I think) yet farther ftrengthened, by the account of what happened immediately after: I mean, his recroffing the Hydraotes (Rauvee) and then incamping on the bank of the Acefines (Jenaub) in a low fituation, and where the whole country was flooded, on the coming on of the periodical rains; which circumstance obliged him to move his camp higher up the river, into a more elevated country. This agrees perfectly with the defcriptions of the country. The lower parts of the courses of the Je

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naub and Rauvee are really through a low country; and those are also the parts nearest to Adjodin, and Debalpour; between which places, I fuppofe, Alexander's altars were erected. How much higher up he removed, may be judged by the circumftance. of his fleet's being five days in dropping down from the encampment, to the conflux of the Hydafpes and Acefines (Behat and Jenaub) for as the length of the voyage from Lahore to Moultan is 8 days, at the same season of the year, we may place the fite of the encampment about 20 miles below the town of Gujerat. Here he embarked, and proceeded to Malli, doubtless Moultan; and poffibly the famous city of the Oxydraca, in the escalade of which, Alexander was exposed to fo much danger, may be the present Outch, or Atcha; now included in the Moultan province. From thence, his course was down the Indus, to Patala (the present Tatta) where he and Nearchus feparated; the first to conduct the army thro' the deferts, to Persepolis; and the latter to conduct the fleet along the Perfian coaft, to the Euphrates *.

*

The next conqueror, in order of time, is Timur, or Tamerlane. He, I apprehend, alfo croffed the Indus + at the place where Attock now stands (and not at Shehinkot, or Dincot, as fome have fuppofed) and my reason for thinking fo is, that immediately after his croffing it, the Chiefs of the Jehud, or Joud Mountains (called Coudgioud by de la Croix) made their fubmiflions to him; which they would hardly have done, had he not been on the confines of their country. The Jehud Mountains are thofe which extend from Attock, eastward to Benbur, or Bember ‡.

Timur's

* It may appear extraordinary that Alexander fhould, in the courfe of a few months. prepare fo vaft a fleet for his voyage down the Indus; efpecially as it is faid to be the work of his army. But the truth is, that the Panjab country, like that of Bengal, is full of navigable rivers; which, communicating with the Indus, form an uninterrupted navigation from Cashmere to Tatta: and, no doubt, abounded with boats and veffels ready conftructed to the conqueror's hands. I think it probable, too, that the veffels in which Nearchus performed his coafting voyage to the gulf of Perfia, were found in the Indus. Veffels of 180 tons burthen are fometimes ufed in the Ganges; and thofe of 100 not unfrequently. + Over a bridge of Boats, about the middle of October 1398.

My opinion is (I think) farther ftrengthened by a remark in the MS. map of Panjab. A mountain near the Indus, a very little below, and on the oppofite fide to Attock, is marked

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Timur's first object after croffing the Indus, being to effect a junction with his fon Peer Mahmud's army, which was then befieging Moultan, he directed his courfe that way, inftead of taking the common road to Delhi, by Rotas and Lahore. The neighbourhood of a navigable river, being a defireable object to an army marching through a dry fterile country, he pushed for the nearest part of the Behat, or Chelum river (the Hydafpes of Alexander) where he attacked and took the fortrefs and island of Shab-ul-dien. After this, he marched 5 or 6 days along the banks of the Behat, till he came to the place where the Jenaub joins it. The meeting of these rivers, as has been faid before, form a rapid and troubled ftream: however, it did not prevent Timur from throwing a bridge The town of 'Toulonba, or Tulmabini, is fituated on the eastern fide of the confluence t, and here he halted 6 days. About a days march from Toulonba, he croffed the Rauvee at Jengian, near Shawnawaz ; and here he was joined by Peer Mahmud, who had, by this time, taken Moultan. From the banks of the Rauvee, the whole army croffed the Baree Doabah § to Jehaul, near the river Setlege, where it feparated; Timur proceeding with a detachment to attack Batnir; and the grand army and baggage by way of Debalpour to Sammana, a Town on the Caggar river, about 60 coffes weft from Delhi; where a general rendezvous was appointed.

over it.

Timur, after leaving Jehaul, proceeded first to Adjodin, or Paukputton, on the Setlege. Here he vifited and spent fome

Mount Yulluleah (or Gelali) moft probably from its being the place from whence the Emperor Gelali croffed the Indus, in his flight from Gengis Cawn in 1221. When Timur had croffed to the east fide of the Attock, or Indus, he was faid to be arrived in the Defert of Gelali: therefore I have no doubt but that they both croffed nearly at the fame place. Gengis Cawn remained on the weft fide of the river.

+ Thirty-five coffes above Moultan, according to Sherefeddin. Falfely called the Bea, by Ferifhta and Sherifeddin.

Forty coffes above Moultan, according to Sherefeddin.
See the word Doabah, or Dooab, explained in page 7.

Called alfo by Ferifhta and Sherefeddin, Palan Shuckergunge.

time

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