P. 181. St. Michael, a small borough, consisting of only four farms, near Truro in Cornwall. See note to p. 5.

P. 183. The description of the province of Bengal is an excellent example of Macaulay's power of bringing a scene before the reader by vivid and picturesque touches. No writer has ever surpassed him in this respect. He had a strong sense of the setting of events, and took great pains to acquire and to present the surroundings of historical occurrences. He is here describing scenes in the midst of which he himself spent four years, and from which he had recently returned.

P. 186. a rich native whom he longed to plunder. Rajaraj-bullub, one of Aliverdy Khan's trusted officers, having amassed enormous wealth, and fearing lest he should be murdered and plundered by Surajah Dowlah, as other rich men had been, had sent his son with the greater part of his wealth to Calcutta, under the pretence of a pilgrimage.

P. 187. The tragedy of the Black Hole might easily have been avoided. During the 48 hours that the fort held out Holwell repeatedly signalled his distress to the British ships in the river, and there was ample time and opportunity to remove the garrison without risk of danger.

It was the summer solstice. The night of June 20, 1756, was the one spent in the Black Hole.

the story of Ugolino. See Dante, Inferno, XXXIII. Count Ugolino of Pisa was starved to death by Archbishop Ruggieri. Dante represents him after death frozen with Ruggieri in a crevice of ice gnawing his murderer's skull. Chaucer also tells the story

in the Monkes Tale.

P. 211. the admiration of the King of Prussia. There is a story told that when Lord Ligonier requested permission for the young Lord Dunmore to serve as a volunteer under Frederick the Great and the latter refused, Ligonier asked, "Then may he join the Duke of Brunswick?" "What can he get by attending the Duke of Brunswick?" asked Frederick; "if he wishes to learn the art of war let him go to Clive."

P. 212. The imputation most fatal to the character of a soldier. See note to p. 50. Notice Macaulay's use of the word "character" when we should say "reputation." A common use of the word in England.

P. 213. Your majesty will have another vote. Compare the account of government by the king's friends in the essay on The Earl of Chatham.

P. 214. a Grampound election. Grampound was a rotten borough in Cornwall famous in the annals of bribery and corruption. It was abolished in 1821.

the Sudder courts, the courts of highest civil and criminal jurisdiction in the various presidencies.

P. 215. Leadenhall Street. The offices of the East India Company, now in St. James's Park, Westminster, were formerly in Leadenhall Street.

P. 217. by a massacre surpassing in atrocity that of the Black Hole. This is the massacre of Patna referred to on p. 152.

P. 218. the Mussulman historian of those times. Seid Gholam Hosein Khan. He wrote a history of the last seven emperors of Hindoostan, and of the wars in Bengal down to 1783. Oh God! come, etc., is a quotation from the Koran.

P. 225. one of the conspirators was accused. Lieutenant Stainsforth.

P. 231. The Dilletante . . the Maccaroni, London clubs of the eighteenth century. Of the former Walpole wrote (1643): "The nominal qualification [for membership] is having been in Italy, and the real one being drunk; the two chiefs are Lord Middlesex and Sir Francis Dashwood, who were seldom sober the whole time they were in Italy." The Maccaroni, he said, was "composed of all the travelled young men who wear long curls and spying glasses."

P. 232. Mackenzie's Margery Mushroom. In a serial, called The Lounger, published at Edinburgh during 1785 and 1786, Mackenzie wrote under the title of Margery Mushroom and other fictitious names. Macaulay has in mind No. 36 in the series.

Sir Matthew Mite. A character in Foote's play The Nabob.

P. 233. William Huntington, S.S. A dissenting preacher. Of his title he wrote: "As I cannot get a D.D. for want of cash neither can I get a M.A. for want of learning; therefore I am compelled to fly for refuge to S.S., by which I mean 'sinner saved.'" P. 240. when he kissed hands. See note to p. 134.

P. 244. which closes with the fall of Ghizni. This essay was published in January, 1840, and must have been written the preceding year. As Ghizni was captured July 23, 1839, it was to Macaulay a very recent event, and might have seemed to close the long series of triumphs, which has been much extended since that time.

P. 246. Lord William Bentinck, first Governor-General of India (1828-1835), after his retirement was member of Parliament from Glasgow, and took an active part in politics. When the editor of the Edinburgh Review expressed some uneasiness at the closing words of this essay Macaulay wrote, November, 1839: “I cannot consent to leave out the well-earned compliment to my dear old friend, Lord William Bentinck, of whom Victor Jacquemont said, as truly as wittily, that he was William Penn, on the throne of the Mogul, and at the head of 200,000 soldiers."

WARREN HASTINGS.

P. 247. uncovered and stood up to receive him. There are in this essay several allusions to the custom which obtains in the House of Commons of wearing hats during session. See p. 375.

P. 248. was regained in our time by a series of events scarcely paralleled in romance. The earldom of Huntington, which is limited to heirs male, lapsed on the death of the tenth Earl in 1789. It was revived in 1819, when a Captain Hastings succeeded to the title, his descent in the male line from the second Earl (1560) having been proved. He was called to the House of Lords as the twelfth Earl, his father being counted as the eleventh, though he had died before the claim was made. The romance lay partly in the fact that Captain Hastings did not press the claim. A lawyer, Mr. Bell, conducted the process and bore all the expense.

P. 251. Christ Church, one of the colleges at Oxford.

P. 255. to buy rotten boroughs in Cornwall. See note to

p. 5.

P. 257. Ferdusi, see article on Firdousi, Enc. Brit.

P. 258. an Indiaman. The general name applied to the passenger ships plying between England and India.

P. 261. at present the governor is absolute.

This was

written in 1841. Since that time the control of Indian affairs is vested in the Secretary of State for India.

P. 272. Ghizni, see note to p. 244.

Macaulay's view of the Rohilla War, like his opinion regarding Nuncomar and Impey, is hardly to be considered an impartial one. It is of interest in this connection to read Sir John Strachey's Hastings and the Rohilla War, published by Macmillan, which is especially valuable as picturing, in an entirely different light, the whole career of Hastings as well as the conduct of his impeachment.

P. 274. caput lupinum, wolf's head, i.e. an outlaw whom any one may lawfully kill at sight, as one would a wolf.

P. 281. The Middlesex election. John Wilkes was three times elected to Parliament from Middlesex, but was refused admission by the House of Commons. The struggle lasted from 1768 to 1774, when he was finally allowed to take his seat. See essay on The Earl of Chatham.

P. 292. the tour of the Hebrides, see any life of Dr. Samuel Johnson, or the work itself, Journey to the Western Isles of Scotland.

Jones's Persian Grammar. William Jones, a chief justice of Bengal (1746-1794), was founder of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta (1784), and a distinguished scholar. See p. 334.

P. 293. Seldom seen so far eastward. The fashionable part of London lies towards Westminster. The east end and the city proper are rarely visited by any except men of business. When Queen Victoria appeared at the opening of the People's Palace in 1887 it was remarked that only once before in 26 years had she been in the city. The offices of the company were formerly in Leadenhall Street, in the extreme eastern part of the city proper. For the changes in the company and its present status see Enc. Brit. The offices of the India Company are now in St. James's Park, Westminster.

P. 298. the Straits of Calpe, i.e. Gibraltar. Calpe was the ancient name of the rock, which with the opposite Abyla formed the "Pillars of Hercules."

P. 300. Lascars, Bengal boatmen or sailors.

the council of war which preceded the battle of Plassey, see essay on Lord Clive, p. 196.

P. 311. to fling his guns into the tanks. The tanks are huge reservoirs in which is collected the water for artificial irrigation. They, together with the canals, form a vast system presided over by European officers.

P. 319. the Black Town of Calcutta. The northern part of Calcutta, inhabited by Hindoos and Mohammedans, is called the Black Town, as distinguished from the southern part, the European quarter.

P. 321. The Rajah of Benares was henceforth to be a mere pensioner. The title existed until 1871, when it was abolished. The last rajah, like the one in this essay, bore the name of Cheyte Sing.

P. 331. Downing Street in Westminster contains the Foreign Office and the Exchequer.

Somerset House is the Audit Office and the Inland Revenue Office. It stands in the Strand, midway between London (city) and Westminster.

P. 333. the beneficent administration of a far more virtuous ruler. The reference is to Lord William Bentinck. See closing sentence of the essay on Lord Clive and the note on that passage.

P. 334. the Asiatic Society, see note to p. 292.

P. 337. zemindars, i.e. collectors. In other connections the word sometimes means landholders.

Carlton House, the residence of the Prince of Wales, afterwards George IV.

P. 343. The wits of Brooks's, a famous club house, the favorite meeting place of the Whigs, most of whom were opposed to Hastings. Fox, Burke, Sheridan, Garrick, Gibbon, and Walpole were members of the club.

P. 345. a people with whom he had neither blood nor language in common. If Macaulay were living now could he have made this statement in view of recent discoveries in ethnology and philology?

never attained by any public man who had not quitted Europe. The plain meaning of this passage is that Burke had quitted Europe. Yet Macaulay knew well that Burke had never been in India.

P. 346. the tank, see note to p. 311.