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P. 49. Crevelt, a few miles north-west of Düsseldorf. Usually spelled Crefeld.

Guildhall, the historic council-hall of the city of London. Both the elder and the younger Pitt are honored with monuments there. P. 50. for faults like those of Sir George Sackville. The reference is to his failure to make complete the victory at Minden by a charge at the decisive moment.

THE EARL OF CHATHAM.

P. 55. the thirtieth of January. The anniversary of the execution of Charles I.

the man in the mask. The executioner wore a mask to conceal his identity.

the man who would do it without a mask, i.e. would do it without concealment, and would glory in doing it.

P. 56. whom Sidney would have spurned as slaves. The reference is to Algernon Sidney, executed for treason in 1683.

commission of the peace.

"One of the authorities by virtue

of which the judges sit upon circuit."

P. 57. the Mendip hills, in Somersetshire, just south of Bristol.

the Wrekin, in Shropshire, ten miles east south-east of Shrewsbury.

the white staff. Oxford was Lord High Treasurer during the last part of Queen Anne's reign, but the white staff is not the emblem of his office, being borne also by other members of the privy council.

P. 59. the memorable schedules A and B. Reference is made to the classification of boroughs in the Reform Bill of 1832. See Knight.

the great house at the corner of Lincoln's Inn Fields. The residence of the Duke of Newcastle.

P. 60. securing a Cornish corporation, i.e. procuring the election of a member of Parliament by bribing the corporation of some borough in Cornwall.

P. 62. keeper of the privy seal, the fifth great officer of state in England. The privy seal is appended to grants which are after

wards to pass the great seal, and to documents of minor importance which do not require the great seal. - Imperial Dictionary.

the Bloomsbury gang. Bedford House was in Bloomsbury. P. 64. the cabinet. See note to p. 8.

at the Cocoa Tree. "The Wits' Coffee-House" in St. James's Street, Piccadilly.

road bills. Eighteenth century literature abounds in allusions to bad roads.

inclosure bills. All over England were large tracts of common land to which all men had equal right. Such land could not be enclosed except by act of Parliament giving specific permission, but influential persons were often able to procure the passage of such acts, to the manifest advantage of individuals and to the disadvantage of the general public, especially of the poor.

P. 65. the Elector was the most hateful of robbers and tyrants. When did the sovereigns of England cease to be Electors of Hanover?

P. 66. Hernhausen, the favorite residence of the Electors of Hanover, a mile and a quarter outside the city towards the north

west.

P. 67. Derwentwater and Kilmarnock, Balmerino and Cameron. For these and other allusions in this paragraph see Knight.

P. 70. Groom of the Stole. See note to p. 21.

P. 71. Many of the constituent bodies were under the absolute control of individuals. "Three hundred and nine out of the 513 members belonging to England and Wales owed their election to the nomination of the treasury, or of 162 powerful individuals." Walpole.

P. 73. Was he to send out privy seals? i.e. issue charters, pardons, etc., in order to obtain influence.

P. 82. Grub Street. "The name of a street in London much inhabited by writers of small histories, dictionaries, and temporary poems."― Johnson's Dictionary.

the Fleet. The famous prison for debtors. It figures largely in the literature of the eighteenth and early part of the nineteenth century, but was pulled down in 1845.

P. 84. toasts to the king over the water. It was not unusual for the adherents of the Stuarts to drink toasts to the

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exiled monarch without calling his name, simply holding the wine glass over a glass or decanter and drinking "to the king over the water.

P. 87. that Black Friday. December 5, 1745. See Gardiner or Knight.

P. 89. Bute was attacked in his chair. A sedan chair was the ordinary mode of fashionable conveyance in the streets of London in the eighteenth century,

Covent Garden. The word is applied indiscriminately to the market, the theatre, and the space which the old gardens once occupied.

P. 93. Virgil's foot-race. See 5th book of Virgil's Eneid,

lines 286 to 361.

P. 94. The Duke tore off his gold key. Emblem of the Lord Chamberlain's office.

P. 97. so scurrilous a definition of excise. Dr. Johnson's definition was: "A hateful tax levied upon commodities, and adjudged not by the common judges of property, but wretches hired by those to whom excise is paid.”

P. 100. by the death of his father-in-law. Bute had married the daughter of Mr. and Lady Mary Wortley Montagu.

P. 102. Wilkes was arrested under a general warrant, i.e. under a warrant in which no name was mentioned, but which might be used to arrest any person against whom a grudge was held.

P. 103. a chair, the shape of which. See note to p. 89.

P. 119. the Turk's Head. A well-known coffee-house in the Strand frequented by literary men.

The

P. 120. the Exchange of London was in dismay. Royal Exchange, opposite the Bank of England in Threadneedle Street, is the centre of the commercial systems of England.

P. 121. Lombard Street has been for centuries the centre of banking and finance for London and the world. It gets its name from the Lombard money dealers who came to London from Italy in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

P. 124. never shared his mutton or walked with him among his turnips, i.e. never been invited to his table or to enjoy the shooting on his estates.

P. 127. condemning the use of general warrants. to p. 102.

See note

P. 132. Stowe. The residence of the Grenvilles in Buckinghamshire.

P. 134. the new prime minister kissed hands. The prime minister presents himself before the sovereign and kisses hands before formally entering upon his work.

P. 142. the king's friends had tried to rob a distinguished Whig nobleman of his private estate. For an account of Sir James Lowther's attempt to dispossess the Duke of Portland of certain estates held under a grant from William III., see Lecky's England in the 18th Century, Vol. III. p. 135.

P. 146. a great British force up its arms. Explain the allusion.

the Moro.

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was compelled to deliver

A fort at the entrance to the harbor of Havana. P. 148. The Duke of Richmond. Charles Lennox.

LORD CLIVE.

P. 152. Montezuma. Atahualpa. See Prescott, Conquest of Mexico and Conquest of Peru.

who won the battle of Buxar. At Buxar, October 23, 1764, Major Munro defeated the Nabob of Oude, the latter losing 160 cannon and 6000 men. Strangely enough, Macaulay makes no other reference to the battle in this essay, although it was little inferior in importance to that of Plassey (p. 197).

who perpetrated the massacre of Patna. Meer Cassim, in revenge for this defeat by the English, August 6, 1763, killed the English prisoners at Patna, and many influential natives. See p. 217.

whether Holkar was a Hindoo or a Mussulman. Jeswunt Rao Holkar was a Hindoo, a chief of the Mahrattas, who gave much trouble to the English early in the present century. He died in 1811.

the victories of Cortes were gained over savages. Does not Macaulay rather overstate his case in these sentences?

P. 153. the Great Captain. Gonsalvo Hernandez de Cordova, 1453-1515.

the late Lord Powis, Lord Clive's eldest son.

P. 154. whose love passes the love of biographers.

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love to me was wonderful, passing the love of women,” 2 Sam. 1:26. Note how frequently Macaulay in these essays introduces parts of a scripture phrase, and with what happy effect. Compare the following from the Essay on Machiavelli: "The iron had not yet entered into the soul. The time was not yet come when eloquence was to be gagged and reason was to be hoodwinked, when the harp of the poet was to be hung on the willows of the Arno, and the right hand of the painter was to forget its cunning."

P. 155. one of his uncles. When three years old Clive went to live with his mother's brother, Mr. Bagley of Hope Hall, near Manchester. This explains the allusion in his homesick letter, p. 158. Perhaps the reason for his living with his uncle was a pecuniary one. See p. 180.

P. 161. the English and French Companies. The English have so long ruled India that we are apt to forget that up to the time of Clive the French were greatly in the lead in India, both politically and commercially.

P. 163. A Persian conqueror, Nadir Shah.

the Peacock Throne, the throne of the emperor at Delhi, said to have cost £6,500,000.

the inestimable Mountain of Light, the Koh-i-nor, the greatest of diamonds. When Macaulay wrote this essay Runjeet Sing had just died, bequeathing this great jewel to Juggernaut, "the hideous idol of Orissa." When the Punjaub was annexed to the English possessions in 1849 the Koh-i-nor came into the possession of the East India Company, who presented it the following year to Queen Victoria. A model of it may be seen in the Tower of London among the crown jewels.

P. 168. who owes to the eloquence of Burke. See Burke's speech on paying the debts of the Nabob of Arcot.

P. 169. the vain-glorious Frenchman. Dupleix was an exceedingly able and astute man, who perfectly understood Indian character, and who doubtless made a display as a measure of policy. He certainly succeeded, and Macaulay recognizes elsewhere, p. 175, that this very ostentation was one source of his influence among the natives. The very reasons by which Macaulay justified Clive in destroying would justify Dupleix in erecting the monument.

P. 173. the great Mohammedan festival. The anniversary of the death of Hosein is kept on September 14.

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