publié par Mr. Linant sur le lac Moeris, donne tous les éclaircissements desirables sur ce point de l'histoire ancienne de l'Egypte." Carte Hydrographique de la moyenne Egypte, par M. Linant de Bellefonds. Paris, 1854, D.

(14). Rawlinson's Egypt, II, 161, 162, n., 1880. See passim, e.g., the works of Brugsch, Bunsen, Lepsius, Mariette, Maspero, and Wilkinson, and recent maps. But see letter of Dr. Birch, infra.

(15). See eg, Encyc. Brit., Egypt,' 1877; Baedeker's Egypt (Germ. Ed., 1877), Eng. Ed., 1878, pp. 451, 452; Isambert, Orient, etc. p. 447, 1878; Murray's Egypt, II, p. 380, 1880. "The Land of Khemmi," 1882. [But "I must write a line to congratulate you on the success of your labours. I, of course, took Linant's theory for granted."-L. Oliphant, Const., July 11th, 1882.]

(16). Mémoires sur les Principaux Travaux d'utilité publique, exécutés en Egypte, accompagné d'un Atlas par Linant de Bellefonds Bey, Paris, 1872-73. Arthus Bertrand Editeur, 21, Rue Hautefeuille. Compare "Hérodote donne au lac une profondeur de cinquante orgies, ce qui fait environ quatre-vingt douze mètres. Or, depuis les terrains de la province de Benisouef, à l'entrée du Fayoum, jusqu'au fond du lac Keïroun, il n'y a que vingt-sept mètres [27m. = 88 feet] de difference de niveau. Le lac ne pouvant DONC pas avoir cette profondeur indiquée par Hérodote, c'est probablement une erreur ou de mesure, ou d'unité de mesure, ou enfin de renseignements," 1842, p. 12; but "Depuis la gorge d'Illaoun et le seuil du Bahr Joussef à Awarat el-Macta, jusqu'à la surface du lac, comme l'a vu M. Jomard, et comme cela existait encore lorsque j'ai fait faire des nivellements (!), il y a 61m. 80 [200 feet]. En mettant la profondeur des eaux du lac à 20m. 20, CE SERAIT la mesure qu' Hérodote donne au lac." 1872-73, p. 64.

(17). The Atlas is well-known, but its results appeared for the first time in English, in the Land of Khemni. The mémoire is never quoted. It was unknown to, e.g., Encyc. Brit. (R.S.P.), 1875, and M. Isambert, Itineraire, v. 2, 1878, where the mémoire of 1843 is expressly cited as the latest exponent of M. Linant's view. It reflects no discredit upon these authors. The title of the work is misleading. The article has this prefatory note (p. 47): "En 1843, la Société Egyptienne du Caire publia mon mémoire sur le lac Moeris, à 400 exemplaires, qui furent addressés, en grande partie aux Sociétés savantes européennes. Le mémoire que je donne ici, est donc une seconde

édition, revue et augmentée, du premier." There is no hint of mistake or list of errors. The corrections are furtive, and scarcely, as the result has shown, received the publicity which might otherwise have attached to the words of "une des gloires de l'Egypte moderne." It might have further modified the opinion that "to M. Linant certainly is due the merit of having settled a controversy of no little importance, and the Egyptian Society of Cairo deserves our thanks for the publication of his most interesting memoir." (Encyc. Brit., 1855 and 1877.) (18). Bemerkungen zu der neuen Karte des Fayūm, von G. Schweinfurth. Zeit. der Ges. f. Erdk. Berlin, 1880. B. XV., p. 152, and map. Taf. 1. The text is worthy of the author. excellent for the cultivated land and the Nile Valley. the original map ooo I owe, with other fayours, to the courtesy of Rousseau Bey. The profile (No. 2), with some facts added from the original field books of M. Julliot, now engineer of the Daireh Saniéh, is appended. He confirmed its accuracy. But a new map with a

The map is

A tracing of

triangulation by a most able engineer, M. Stadler, under the skilful direction of Mason Bey, chief of the Cadastre in the Fayoum, an experienced African explorer, was (May, 1882) in course of preparation.

(19). The height of Wasta above the Mediterranean is probably correct to within a few feet. But see "Cairo, Hochwasser Nils, 18m. über dem Meer. Niederwasser, 11m. über d. M." Phys. Geog. u. Meteor, der Lib. Wüste, bearbeitet von Dr. W. Jordan, Cassel, 1876, B. 2, pp. 178-204.

(20). Herodotus II, 4; 69, 148, 149, 150. Diodorus Siculus I, 51, 52. Strabo I, XVII, §§ 3, 4, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41. Claud. Ptolem. Geog. lib. IV, text. Ed. Wilberg, 1838, p. 279 and maps. Plin. H. N. V. 9, XXXVI, 12. El. Aristides, Oxon. 1722, tome II, pp. 350, 351. Steph. Bpz. s. v. Kpoкodeiλov wóλis. For Pomponius Mela see Tzschuckius, p. 340, for reasons why the passage ought not to be cited as an authority (e.g. by Linant, Ebers, etc., passim). (21). Wilkinson, Anc. Egypt, II, 124.

(22). If such a charge does not refute itself, see variations and new matter added, inter alia, the cost of opening the sluices, £11,500.

(23). "Strabon ne donne aucune mesure au lac de Moeris ; il se borne à comparer son étendue à cella d'une mer. Quoique cette expression soit exagérée, etc." M. Jomard, Des. VI, 169.

(24). The Admiral of Vespasian would not have quoted the allpowerful commander-in-chief of the expedition against Vitellius, statesman, orator, and historian, to expose an error; much less to commit a similar blunder. The explanation lies in the word "fuit.”

(25). Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ καὶ μέχρι τῆς ̓Αιθιοπικῆς χώρας προελθων, καὶ αυτὴν διερευνησάμενος Αἴγυπτον τετράκις το σύμπαν καὶ παρεὶς οὐδέν ἀνεξέταστον, οὐ Πυραμίδας, οὐ λαβύρινθον, οὐχ ἱερὸν, οὐ διώρυχας, ἀλλ ̓ ὧν μὲν ἐν ταῖς βίβλοις τὰ μέτρα ὑπῆρχεν ἐκεῖθεν πορισάμενος, ὧν δὲ μὴ ἐξ ἑτοίμου λαβειν ἦν ἐκμετρήσας, αὐτὸς μετά τῶν παρ' ἑκάστοις ἱερέων καὶ προφήτων. κ.τ.λ. p. 331. Oratio Ægyptiaca. Refutatis

aliorum opinionibus de causis Nili crescentis.

(26). My indebtedness to these gentlemen will be duly acknowledged elsewhere. Dr. Schweinfurth encouraged my researches personally and by letter. "Les recherches sur le Fayoum et les anciennes conditions de ses eaux que vous poursuivez depuis longtemps avec tant de zèle, etc. Comme vous avez constaté dans le sud-ouest hors de cette province une depression pouvant servir comme deversoir pour le trop plein du Bahr-el-Youssouf, il s'agit avant tout d'y faire executer un nivellement." (Cairo, March 8th, 1882.) Lieut.-Gen. Stone Pacha, Chief of the Staff, and President of the Geog. Society of Cairo, warmly seconded my proposal to make a thorough and exhaustive examination of the whole area. Political considerations prevented this. My subsequent expeditions, however, with the assistance of Mr. Tristram Ellis and Mr. Flinders Petrie were sufficiently accurate for the solution of the principal question. "I know nothing from the studies which I have made which would work against your theory of there having existed in and near the Fayoum such a great basin of Nile water as that described by the ancients. Indeed, I am so far of the contrary opinion, that I shall urge the levelling of the country in the vicinity," etc. Lieut.Gen. Stone Pacha, May 19th, 1882. Wilson Bey, of the Daira Sanieh, and Rousseau Bey, of the 'Public Works,' for their respective departments, were also anxious to "turn such investigations as mine (yours) to practical account, when the country enters upon a new future under more favourable conditions."

(27). A waste weir was sufficient for the reclamation of the Delta, the lowering of dykes, and the protection of the villages against the inundation. It was, probably, an after thought to extend the indirect benefits from percolation and evaporation, to the direct supply of