Multicellular Animals: Order in Nature - System Made by ManSpringer Science & Business Media, 2003 M04 8 - 317 pages The turtle, toothless, soft bodied, enclosed in boney, shell, is primordial and invincible, slow and changeless. Locked into turtles of time and tradition, inertia and ignorance, darkness and fear, we cajole and pull, struggle and push until we learn that ideas set us free. Fairbanks, Alaska University Campus Sculpture LIz BIESOT 1985 The evolutionary order of organisms as a product of Nature and its repre- sentation in a phylogenetic system as a construct of Man are two different things. The order in Nature consists of relationships between organisms. It is the result of an historic process that we call phylogenesis. When working with this order we must clearly differentiate between its identification and the subsequent description of what has been identified. When identifying the order we are placing ourselves in the framework of "hypothetical realism" (Vol. 1, p. 11); it is principally impossible to de- termine how well or how poorly the real world and our cognitive appara- tus match. For phylogenetics as an historicaUy directed discipline, how- ever, the following limitation is more relevant. We cannot demonstrate ex- perimentally wh ether or not that which we have interpreted from the prod- ucts of phylogenesis corresponds to facts of (hypothetical) reality. |
Contents
Nemathelminthes | 1 |
Gastrotricha Cycloneuralia | 7 |
Cycloneuralia | 14 |
Nematoda Nematomorpha | 15 |
Nematomorpha | 21 |
Scalidophora | 26 |
Vinctiplicata Kinorhyncha | 27 |
Loricifera | 32 |
Petromyzonta | 187 |
Myxinoida | 189 |
Gnathostomata | 190 |
Chondrichthyes Osteognathostomata | 193 |
Elasmobranchii Holocephali | 195 |
Holocephali | 196 |
Osteognathostomata | 197 |
Actinopterygii Sarcopterygii | 200 |
Kinorhyncha | 36 |
On the Position of the Nemathelminthes in the Phylogenetic System of the Bilateria | 41 |
Syndermata | 43 |
Rotifera NN Seison + Acanthocephala | 47 |
Monogononta Bdelloida | 49 |
Bdelloida | 50 |
Seison Acanthocephala | 51 |
Acanthocephala | 53 |
On the Relationships of the Syndermata | 60 |
Radialia | 62 |
Bryozoa | 73 |
Phoronida | 84 |
Brachiopoda | 87 |
Deuterostomia | 93 |
Echinodermata Stomochordata | 101 |
Crinoida Eleutherozoa | 108 |
Eleutherozoa | 112 |
Asteroida Cryptosyringida | 113 |
Cryptosyringida | 118 |
Echinozoa | 124 |
Echinoida Holothuroida | 125 |
Holothuroida | 132 |
Stomochordata | 136 |
Pharyngotremata | 138 |
Cephalodiscida Cyrtotreta | 139 |
Cyrtotreta | 141 |
Enteropneusta Chordata | 142 |
Chordata | 147 |
Tunicata Vertebrata | 152 |
Ascidiacea | 153 |
Pelagotunicata | 155 |
1 Pyrosomida | 158 |
2 Salpida | 160 |
3 Doliolida | 162 |
4 Appendicularia | 164 |
Vertebrata | 168 |
First Section | 170 |
Craniota | 178 |
Cyclostomata Gnathostomata | 186 |
Cladistia Actinopteri | 203 |
Chondrostei Neopterygii | 204 |
Neopterygii | 205 |
Ginglymodi Halecostomi | 206 |
Halecomorphi Teleostei | 207 |
Sarcopterygii | 209 |
Actinistia Choanata | 211 |
Choanata | 212 |
Dipnoi Tetrapoda | 217 |
Tetrapoda | 219 |
On Fossil Records of the Choanata | 221 |
Second Section | 222 |
Amphibia Amniota | 223 |
Batrachia Gymnophiona | 227 |
Anura | 229 |
Gymnophiona | 231 |
Amniota | 232 |
Sauropsida Mammalia | 234 |
Chelonia Diapsida | 235 |
Chelonia | 236 |
Diapsida | 238 |
Rhynchocephalia Squamata | 239 |
Squamata | 240 |
Archosauria | 243 |
Crocodylia Aves | 244 |
Aves | 245 |
Palaeognathae Neognathae | 249 |
Neognathae | 251 |
On the Stem Lineage of the Aves | 252 |
Mammalia | 257 |
Monotremata Theria | 262 |
Theria | 266 |
Marsupialia Placentalia | 267 |
Placentalia | 271 |
On the Stem Lineage of the Mammalia | 273 |
Chaetognatha | 277 |
References | 287 |
307 | |
Other editions - View all
Multicellular Animals: Volume III: Order in Nature - System Made ..., Volume 3 Peter Ax Limited preview - 2013 |
Multicellular Animals: Volume III: Order in Nature - System Made by Man Peter Ax No preview available - 2010 |
Common terms and phrases
Acanthocephala Acrania Actinopterygii adelphotaxa adult ambulacral tube Amniota Amphibia apomorphous Archosauria arms Asteroida Autapomorphies Autapomorphies Fig basal Bilateria blastozooids body bone Brachiopoda branchial gut Bryozoa canal cavity cells Chaetognatha Chondrichthyes Chordata cilia coelom colony Craniota Crinoida Crocodylia cuticle Cyclostomata Deuterostomia Dipnoi dorsal Echinodermata Echinoida Eleutherozoa Enteropneusta entity epidermis evolution evolved filter fossil Gastrotricha gill slits glands Gnathostomata gonads ground pattern Holothuroida homology hypothesis interpreted intestine Kinorhyncha larva lateral lecithotrophic longitudinal Loricifera lumen Mammalia Marsupialia mesocoel metacoel monophylum Monotremata mouth muscle musculature Myxinoida Nemathelminthes Nematoda Nematomorpha nerve neural tube oozooid Ophiuroida oral organ paired Petromyzonta pharynx Phoronida phylogenetic system Placentalia planktotrophic plates plesiomorphy pore posterior end Priapulida primitive radial Radialia Rhabdopleura Rotifera rows Sarcopterygii Seison side sister group skeleton skull sperm spines stalk stem lineage members stem species Syndermata tail taxa taxon teeth tentacle apparatus Tetrapoda tion trunk Tunicata unpaired ventral vertebrae Vertebrata zooids
Popular passages
Page 288 - RUPPERT (1990). Structure, ultrastructure, and function of the preoral heartkidney in Saccoglossus kowalevskii (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta) including new data on the stomochord. Acta Zool.
Page 288 - AX, P. (1989). The integration of fossils in the phylogenetic system of organisms. Abh.
Page 288 - BARTOLOMAEUS, T. (2001): Ultrastructure and formation of the body cavity lining in Phoronis muelleri (Phoronida, Lophophorata). Zoomorphology 120, 135-148.
Page 288 - BARTOLOMAEUS, T. & P. AX (1992). Protonephridia and metanephridia - their relation within the Bilateria. Z. zool. Syst.
Page 288 - AE Friday. 1988. Estimating the interrelationships of tetrapod groups on the basis of molecular sequence data.