So 'Schleyermacher' passed thro Slaremaker to Slaymaker ; and by a similar process, farther changes may take place, like Mutsch to Much, Bertsch to Birch, Brein to Brine, Schutt to Shoot or Shut, Rüppel to Ripple, Knade (gnade grace) to Noddy Buch to Book, Stahr to Star, Fing-er to Fin-ger, Melling-er to Mellin-jer, Stilling-er3 to Stillin-jer, Cover to Cover, Fuhrman to Foreman, Rohring4 to Roaring, Gehman to Gayman. Names are sometimes translated, as in Stoneroad for Steinweg,' Carpenter for both Schreiner' and 'Zimmermann,' and both Short and Little for Kurz' or 'Curtius.'

Part of a name may be anglicised, as in Finkbine, Espenshade, Trautwine-where the first syllable has the German sound. Fentzmaker is probably a condensation of Fenster

macher.

It is remarkable that speakers of German often use English forms of baptismal names, as Mary for Marîa, Henry for

1 And Shellabarger, American Minister to Portugal, 1869.

2 The 'b' and 'v' of the two forms have changed place.

3 These names, with Rauch, Bucher, the Scotch Cochran, etc., are still pronounced correctly in English speaking localities in Pennsylvania; and at Harrisburg, Salade' rhymes holid'y.

The organists Thunder and Rohr gave a concert in Philadelphia some years ago. In New York I have seen the names Stone and Flint,' and 'Lay and Hatch,' where the proper name takes précedence.

Heinrich, and John (tschan, shorter than the medial English sound) for Johannes.1

Of curious family names without regard to language, the following may be recorded-premising that proper names are especially subject to be made spurious by the accidents of typography.2

Ahl, Awl, Ammon, Anně, Barndollar, Baud, Bezoar, Bigging, Blades, Bohrer, Boring, Book, Bracken, Bricker (bridger), Buckwalter, Burkholder and Burchhalter (burg-holder), Byler, Candle, Candour, Care, Case, Channell, Chronister, Condit, Cooher, Cumberbus (Smith's Voyage to Guinea, 1744), Curgus or Circus, Dehoof, Dialogue, Ditto, Dosh, Eave, Eldridge (in part for Hildreth), Erb, Eyde, Eyesore (at Lancaster, Pa.), Fassnacht (G. fastnacht shrovetide), Feather, Ferry (for the Walloon name Ferree 3); Friday, Fornaux, Furnace, Gans (goose, Gansert, Gensemer, Grossgensly), Gift (poison), Ginder, Gruel, Gutmann (good-man) Hag (hedge), Harmany, Hecter, Hepting, Herd, Heard, Hergelrat (rath counsel), Hinderer, Hock, Holzhauer and Holzhower (woodchopper), Honnafusz (G. hahn a cock), Kash, Kitch, Koffer, Landtart, Lawer, Leis, Letz, Licht, Line, Lipp, Loeb (lion), Lowr (at St. Louis), Mackrel, Manusmith, Matt, Marrs, Mehl, Mortersteel, Mowrer (G. maur a wall), Napp, Neeper (Niebuhr ?), Nohaker, Nophsker, Ochs, Over, Oxworth, Peelman, Penas (in Ohio), Pfund, Popp, Poutch, Quirk, Rathvon (Rodfong, Rautfaung), Road, Rottenstein (in Texas), Rutt, Sangmeister, Scheuerbrand, Schlegelmilch, Schlong (snake), Schottel, Segar, Seldomridge, Senn, Service (in Indiana), Shaver, Shilling, Shinover, Shock, Shot, Showers, Skats (in Connecticut), Smout, Spoon, Springer, Steer (in Texas), Stern, Stetler, Stormfeltz, Strayer, Stretch, Stridle, Sumption, Surgeon, Swoop (a Suab-ian), Test, Tise, Tice (Theiss ?), Tittles, Towstenberier, Tyzat (at St. Louis), Umble, Venus, Venerich, -rik, Vestal (in Texas), Vinegar('s Ferry, on the Susquehanna), Vogelsang, Wallower, Waltz, Wolfspanier, Wonder, Woolrick (for Wulfrich ?), Work, Worst, Yaffe, Yecker, Yeisley, Yordea, Zeh, Zugschwerdt.

1 In the following inscription on a building, 'bei' instead of 'von' shows an English influence. The author knew English well: was a member of the state legislature, had a good collection of English-but not of German books-and yet preferred a German inscription

ERBAUET BEI JOHN & MARIA HALDEMAN 1790. Inscriptions are commonly in the roman character, from the difficulty of cutting the others.

2 As in Chladori' for Chladni, in the American edition of the Westminster Review for July, 1865. The name Slyvons stands on the title-page as the author of a book on Chess (Bruxelles, 1856), which M. Cretaine in a similar work (Paris, 1865) gives as Solvyns. Upon calling Mr. C.'s attention to this point, he produced a letter from the former, signed Solvyns.

3 The forms of this name are Ferree, Ferrie, Fuehre, Ferie, Verre, Fiere, Firre, Ferry, Feire, Fire; and as 'Ferree' is now pronounced Free, this may be a form also. In the year 1861, when in Nassau, I observed that the English visitors pronounced the name of a building in four modes, one German and three not German-Bâdhaus, Bath-house, Bad-house, and Bawd-house.

Among the following curious, incompatible, or híbrid1 names, titles (except that of 'General') have been mistaken for proper names-Horatio Himmereich, Owen Reich, Caspar Reed, Dennis Loucks, Baltzer Stone, Addison Shelp, Paris Rudisill, Adam Schuh, Erasmus Buckenmeyer, Peter Pence, General Wellington H. Ent, General Don Carlos Buel, Don Alonzo Cushman, Sir Frank Howard, Always Wise (probably for Aloîs Weiss). In November, 1867, Gilbert Monsieur Marquis de Lafayette Sproul, asked the legislature of Tennessee to cut off all his names but the last two.

1 Latin HIBRIDA.

I have marked the first English syllable short to dissociate it from the high-breed of gardeners and florists, which "hybrid' suggests.

CHAPTER X.

IMPERFECT ENGLISH.

§ 1. Broken English.

Specimens of English as badly spoken by Germans who have an imperfect knowledge of it, are common enough, but they seldom give a proper idea of its nature. The uncertainty between sonant and surd is well known, but like the Cockney with h, it is a common mistake to suppose that the misapplication is universal,1 for were this the case, the simple rule of reversal would set the speakers right in each case.

It is true that the German confounds English t and d, but he puts t for d more frequently than d for t. In an advertisement cut from a newspaper at Schwalbach, Nassau, in 1862

Ordres for complet Diners or simples portions is punctually attented to and send in town—

there seems to be a spoken reversal of t and d, but I take 'send' to be an error of grammar, the pronunciation of the speaker being probably attentet, and sent. "Excuse my bad riding" (writing) is a perversion in speech. A German writes dacke' take, 'de' the, 'be' be, deere' deer, 'contra' country, and says:

I am œbple [able] to accommodeted with any quantity of dis kins of Ruts [kinds of roots]. Plies tirectad to... Sout Frond Stread . . . nort america.

Here there is an attempt at the German flat p (p. 11) in the bp of 'able'; the surd th of 'north' and 'south' becomes t, and the sonant th of this' becomes d' with ' remaining under the old spelling. The p of 'please' remains, but d of 'direct' becomes t; and while final t of 'front' and 'street' becomes

1 A boy in the street in Liverpool (1866) said to a companion-"'e told me to 'old up my 'ands an' I 'eld em up." He did not say hup, han' hI, hem.

d, the first t in 'street,' and that in 'directed,' are kept pure by surd s and cay. The rule of surd to surd and sonant to sonant is neglected in most of the factitious specimens of broken English.

The next is an instructive and a genuine example, being the record of a Justice of the Peace in Dauphin County (that of Harrisburg, the State Capital). It will be observed that the complainant bought a house, and being refused possession, makes a forcible entry and is resisted. The spelling is irregular, as in 'come' and 'com,' 'the' and 'de,' 'did' and 'dit,' 'then' and den,' nothin and nosing,' 'house' and 'hause,' 'put' and 'but,' 'open' and 'upen.'

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The said . . . sait I dit By de hause and I went in de hause at de back winder and den I dit upen de house and Dit take out his forniture and nobotty Dit disstorbe me till I hat his forniture out; I did but it out in de streat Before the house; and then he dit Com Wis a barl and dit nock at the dore that the Dore dit fly open and the molding dit Brack louse and then I dit Wornt him not to come in the hause and not to put anneysing in the hause and he dit put in a barl Into the hause and I did put it out and he dit put it in again and then he did put In two Sisses and srout the barl against Me; and then I dit nothin out annezmore and further nosing more; Sworn & Subscript the Dey and yeare above ritten before me . . . J.P.-Newspaper.

The beginning and close follow a legal formula. The PG. idiom which drops the imperfect tense runs through this, in expressions such as 'I did open,' I did put,' I did warned,' etc.; but as might be expected, the English idiom is also present, in 'I went' and 'he throwed.' Making allowance for reminiscences of English spelling, and the accidents of type, this is an excellent specimen of the phases of English from German organs. It shows that sonants and surds do not always change place, as in did, nobody, disturb, out, that, not,

1 Compare with a word in the following note sent to a druggist in Harrisburg, Pa. "Plihs leht meh haf Sohm koh kohs Peryhs ohr Sähmting darhts guht vohr Ah lihttel Dahg Gaht lausse vor meh." [Louse for loose is common in the north of England. Thus in Peacock's Lonsdale Glossary (published for the Philological Society, 1869) we find: "Louse, adj. (1) loose. O.N. laus, solutus. (2) Impure, disorderly.-v.t. to loose. "To lowse 'em out on t' common"=To let cattle go upon the common.--To be at a louse-end. To be in an unsettled, dissipated state.-Lous-ith'-heft, n. a disorderly person, a spendthrift."—A.J. Ellis.] 2 The two shows that this is a plural. When recognised, it will be observed that the law of its formation is legitimate.

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