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kornscheller [also Welschkornschäler, Welschkornscräper, Welschkornausmacher, handscheller]; Schneidbox; Wagenbox [and Wagenbody]; Molasses-Faktry; Mückengeschirre [Fliegen-Geschirre, Fliegennetze]; 1 Lot Hausen's [housings for horses]; Windmühle, [translation of windmill, for Kornschwinge]; 1 Sink [kitchen sink - bench]; Martingales; Checkleinen; Cirkel-Säge [another has Circularsäge] mit Främ und Sträp.

Einige Pflanzgrundbeeren von Prince Alberts Sorte.

CHAPTER VI.

SYNTAX.

The confusion of forms in the declension of German articles, pronouns, and adjectives, as given in print, is avoided in dialects, and on the upper Rhine all classes use the masculine nominative der for the accusative den, thus making a step towards rational grammar-the feminine die and the neuter das being equally nominative and accusative. According to Radlof, from Swisserland to Holland, on both sides of the Rhine, there is scarcely a locality where the nominative is distinguished from the accusative and the dative, and he cites as examples" ich trinke rother Wein" (for rothen); "ich habe der Esel gesehen" (for den Esel); "ich sitze auf der Baum" (for dem Baum). In PG. this rother for rothen is sometimes cut down to root,' the common PG. neuter form, particularly with the definite article, as in—

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Ich trink d'r root wei,. I drink the red wine.

Was f'r wei, wit [willst du] trinkǝ? What kind of wine willst drink?
Ich trink tschenərli rooter wei,.1 I'generally' drink red wine.

"Von der Schweiz an zu beiden seiten des Rheines hinab bis an Hollands gränzen, giebt es kaum einige Gegenden, wo man den Koch vom Kellner, den Herrn vom Knechte, den Hammer vom Ambofze, d.i. den Werfall (Nomi- . nativ) vom Wenfalle (Accusativ) und dem Wemfalle (Dativ) richtig zu unterscheiden vermöchte. Bald hört man nehmlich: "ich trinke rother Wein" bald: "ich habe der Esel gesehen" bald: "ich sitze auf der Baum." s.f."-Dr. Joh. Gottl. Radlof, Mustersaal aller teutschen Mund-arten, Bonn, 1822; 2, 90. Stalder (Schweiz. Idiotikon, 1812) gives the accusatives of der and ein as agreeing with the nominative, and under ein (1, 37) he has-Acc. wie der Nom., welches überhaupt zu bemerken ist.

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[When I read extracts from this Treatise before the Philological Society on 3 June, 1870, Prof. Goldstücker and Dr. E. Mall, the latter an Alsatian, both considered that this presumed substitution of the nominative for the accusative or dative case must be a misapprehension. Dr. Mall declared himself totally unaware of it. Both considered that it must have resulted from the disappearance of the inflectional -m, -n (the latter of which is the rule certainly in the Rhine region), and the degradation of the preceding e vowel into a. This would account for "ich trinke rother Wein," considering rother to mean 'roote,' but would not account for "ich habe der Esel gesehen," in which the r must be taken as trilled, unless we consider that first den was made into 'də,' and then the 'r' evolved as in the Cockney's 'idea-r of things.' Hence the original passages on which the assertions in the text are founded, have been added.-Alex. J. Ellis.]

G. Wir geben guten Lohn. PG. M'r gewwǝ guutər loo. We give good wages. .ǝn guutǝr freind (n guuti fraa, n guut haus) is n guut ding. A good friend (masc.), wife (fem.), house (neut.) is a good thing (neut.).

Sellər mann hat mei, huut allǝs ufgebrachǝ. That man has broken (meinen) my hat (alles auf) all up.

Ich bin naus in dər

hoof un bin unsərər kats uf der schwants getrettə, (Nsp.) I went (hinaus) out, in (G. den Hof, m.) the yard, and trod on (G. den Schwanz) the tail of our cat, she scratched me.

selli hat mich gekratst.

...

weil ich mich geschämmt hab, bin ich uf der schpeicher geschniikt oone ǝn wǝrt tsu saaghə. (Nsp.) While I shamed myself, I‘sneaked' up to (den) the loft without a word to say.

G. Das Wetter ist den ganzen Tag schön gewesen. PG. s wetter iss d'r gants (or gans) daak schee, gwest. The weather has been fine the entire day.

G. Ich gehe in den Keller. PG. Ich gee in dər kellər. I am going into the cellar.

In the next, Stuhl being masculine, the nominative der is used for the dative dem, but the accusative ihn ('n) is preserved

ær hət uf d'r schtuul k’həkt, un hət n f'rbrəchə. He sat on the chair and has broken it.

G. Liebe deinen Nächsten, als dich selbst. Love thy neighbor as thyself. PG. Liib dei, nochbər ass wii dich selwer.

G. Legě das Buch auf den Tisch. Lay the book on the table. PG. Leeg s buch uf d'r tisch.

Here, if'den tisch' were used in PG. it would rather mean this table,' because there is a tendency to use articles as demonstratives, saying 'dær' for G. dieser, and 'sellər' (G. selbiger) for G.jener,—' selʼ (G. selbiges) being its neuter, and 'selli' (G. selbige) its feminine and plural. This 'sel' is found in Swisserland, and other parts of the Rhine region. Its Alsatian form tsel, with initial t, shows that it is akin to G. dasselbe. Notwithstanding its resemblance in form and function to Provensal sel or cel, French celui, celle, they are without etymologic relation. See Ch. VII., §2. p. 43, and § 4, p. 45; and Ellis, Early English Pronunciation, p. 662, note 15. 'Das' (the) and 'es' (it) have a tendency to confusion under the short form 's used for both. 'Dass' (that) remains, and

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1 "Dii Jarik Kaunti leit, wann sii fum roote wei, schwätze, saaghǝ g'weenlich "Ich trink rooter wei,.' Wann sii awǝr kee rootǝr hen, dann trinkə sii weisser wann sii n kriighə kennə." The Rev. D. Ziegler, letter of Jan. 15, 1870 (literatim).

the neuter nominative article is changed from G. das to PG. 'des,' as in 'des buch' (the book)-but as 'des buch' may mean this book, the function of the article is performed by reducing this des' to 's, as in

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.s buch iss mei, the book is mine-des buch iss mei, THIS book is mine. "Donn hab ich gedenkt [not gedacht], des is doch now ordlich plain deitsch," (Rauch.) Then I thought, THIS is at-any-rate 'now' tolerably 'plain' Dutch.

...

Dær mann iss krankər (not kränker) wie d'r annər. THIS man is sicker than the other. (G. als der andere.)

G. Ein Mann und eine Frau waren hier diesen Morgen. A man and a woman were here this morning. PG. Es war on mann un ən fraa hiir den márighə. There was a man and a woman here this morning.

G. Ich wünsche dass er komme. I wish that he come. PG. Ich watt (or wott, for wollte) dass ær deet [G. thät] kummə. I would that he would come. Swiss-I wett, asz er chäm. Stalder, 1, 112.

Swiss asz for dass is often used in PG., as in—

Wann ich geglaabt hätt 'ass er mich net betsaalt (or betsaalə deet), so hätt ich 'm gar net gebárikt (or gebaricht). If I had believed that he would not pay me, I would (gar nicht) not at all have (geborgt) trusted him.

Wann ich gedenkt [not G. gedacht] hätt 'ass es net woor wæær, dann hätt ich 's net geglaabt. If I had not supposed it to be true, I would not have (geglaubt) believed it.

G. Wäre er reich, er würde nicht betteln. Were he rich he would not beg. G. Wenn er reich wäre, so würde er nicht betteln. PG. Wann ær reich wæær,

deet ær net bettǝln. If he were rich, he would not beg.

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PG., like Swiss, dislikes the imperfect tense, and prefers G. Ich habe gedacht (I have thought), to G. Ich dachte (I thought), which gives forms like—

Wii ich n gesee, hab, hab ich gedenkt ær wært k'sund. As I saw him (having seen him) I thought he would get well.

Ich bin gangǝ I have gone; not G. Ich gieng I went, nor gegangen ygone. Whan myn houfbond is fro the world i-gon,-Chaucer, (Wright's ed.) 1. 5629. With menftralcy and noyse that was (y-)maked, 1. 2526.

Bet is to be (y-)weddid than to brynne. 1. 5634.

PG. has also 'kumme' (has come) for G. gekommen, showing a tendency to follow a law which caused ge- (y-, i-) to be dropped in English. The practice seems to have started with

1 In a spelling based upon English, and not fully phonetic. See Ellis, Early English Pronunciation, pp. 654-661.

2 Stalder (1, 46) says that the imperfects war, hatte, sagte, kam, rufte, kaufte, would be scarcely understood in Swisserland.

gekommen and gegangen, because they are much used, and their initial guttural absorbs the guttural g- or k- of the prefix. In an Austrian dialect,1 ge- disappears before b, p, d, t, z, as in "Ih bin kumma" (I have come), PG. Ich bin kummə.

PG. Ich hab s [G. gekauft] kaaft im schtoor. I bought it at the 'store.' Hoscht mei, briif krikt? Hast (G. gekriegt) received my letter? Ich schreib n briif. I write a letter.

"Der Charle hat jung geheiert un hat e fleiszige Fra krickt," Wollen

weber, p. 78.

D'r Tschærli' hət jung k'eiert un hət ə fleissighǝ fraa krikt.

'Charley' married young and got an industrious wife.

G. Es regne. It may rain. PG. s maak (G. mag) reeghərə.

G. Es regnete. It might rain. PG. s kennt (G. könnt) reeghərə.

G. Es habe geregnet. It may have rained. PG. s kennt reeghə hawwə.
PG. has the Swiss als (hitherto, formerly, always), a form

in which it is not shortened into a's, as in—

ær hǝt als ksaat ær wær (or wæær) miir niks schuldich. (Ziegler). He has hitherto said he is to-me nothing indebted.

Mr. Rauch, in his partly English spelling, has

"Er hut aw behawpt das mer set sich net rula lussa bi seiner fraw, un das de weiver nix wissa fun denna sacha, un das es kens fun eara bisness is we an monn vote odder we oft er als drinkt."

.ær hǝt aa behaapt dass mǝr set sich net ruulə' ləssə bei seiner fraa, un dass dii weiwǝr niks wissǝ fun dennə sachə, un dass es kens fun eerǝ 'bissness' iss wii ən mann' woot,' ǝdər wii eft ær als drinkt.

He (has) maintained that one should not (lassen) let (sich) one's-self be ‘ruled' by one's wife, and that the (weiber nichts wissen) women know nothing of such things, and that it is (keines von ihre) none of their business' how a man votes,' or how oft he (als) ALWAYS drinks.

In the following Suabian example (Radlof 2, 17) als is a form of G. alles (all), and schmieren is used as in PG. for to pay off, to trick.

Kurz! i will olls eba macha
Dafz oim's Herz im Leib mu'fz lacha;
I will au de Tuifel schmiera,
Dafz er Niema kan verführa,
Hack' ihm boyde Hörner o,
Dafz er nimma ftecha ka-.

In short, I will make all so even that the heart in one's body must laugh; I will also trick [den] the devil. that he none can lead astraychop for him both his horns off that he cannot thrust again.

PG. 'dass' for als (with the sense of as), and 'dass wan' G. als wenn (South German of Breisgau as wenn) for as if, seems peculiar. The German adverbial particles admit of a

1 Castelli, Wörterbuch, Wien, 1847, p. 30.

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