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4. Give the class, person, number, gender (when it can be determined by the form), and case of the following pronouns :—

I, he, his, hers, mine, you, thou, they, them, us, we, myself, himself, they, herself, me, themselves, ourselves, my, thee, your, thine, herself, yourselves.

74. Relative Pronouns.

1. A relative pronoun is used both to represent a preceding noun or pronoun, called the antecedent, and to connect with it a dependent proposition; as, "Those who wish for favors must assist others."

2. The relative pronoun, when used only as such, follows the antecedent; as, "All that I have is yours;" when used both as a limiting adjective and a pronoun, it always precedes it; as, "I will give you what money I have."

3. The following distinctions will show the difference between a relative and a personal pronoun:—

(a.) The relative refers to an object always known, and either previously mentioned, or so clearly implied as to need no mention; the personal pronouns refer always to an object known, and in the third person, to an object previously mentioned, but in the first and second persons, to an object not previously mentioned.

(b.) The personal pronouns have a distinct form for each grammatical person; I for the first, thou or you for the second, and he, she, or it for the third. The relative pronouns do not change their form to represent person.

(c.) The essential difference is seen in the relations which they denote (see 68, 2), and in their use in construction. The personal pronoun may represent the subject of an independent sentence; the relative never; as, "He is present." "Which is important." The first is a complete sentence; the second needs some word, as measure (which is important), on which it may depend.

75. Simple Relatives.

1. The simple relatives are who, which, that, and what. 2. Who is used to represent persons; which and what to represent things; and that to represent both persons and things.

3. The antecedent of a relative pronoun is not only the word for which the pronoun stands, but is the leading or antecedent term of a relation, of which the clause introduced by the relative is the subsequent

Relative Pronoun. The relative used as an adjective. Difference between the relative and personal pronoun. Simple relatives. "Who," "which," "that," and "what."

term; it is that on which the relative clause depends, and is either a definite or an indefinite object.

4. Who, which, and that usually refer to a definite antecedent; as, "The man who came." "The horse which died." "The tree that fell." In the sentence, "Who steals my purse steals trash," who refers to an indefinite antecedent. What may refer either to a definite or an indefinite antecedent; as, "I gave him what money he wanted" (definite). "I gave him what [things] he wanted" (indefinite). When the antecedent is indefinite, the relative stands alone.

5. What is both a relative pronoun and a limiting adjective, and is equivalent to that or those, which, and consequently has a double construction. When the antecedent is expressed, what should be parsed (1.) as an adjective; (2.) as a relative pronoun; as, "He gave me what books I wanted." When the antecedent is omitted, the indefinite noun "things" may be supplied, making this case the same as above; or, it may be taken (1.) as an adjective in the sense of that or those, but used as a noun (69, 2); it is then the antecedent to itself used (2.) as a relative in the sense of which; as, "He gave me what I wanted," that is, "He gave me that (ant.) which (rel.) I wanted."

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6. The word that is a relative only when who or which can be substituted for it; as, 'He that (who) getteth wisdom loveth his own soul." "What private grief they have, alas! I know not, that (which) made them do it." It is a pronominal adjective when it limits a noun expressed or understood; as, "That book. It is a subordinate conjunction when it joins a dependent clause to some part of a principal; as, “I know that my Redeemer liveth."

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7. What is a relative (1.) when it can be changed into that which; as, “It is what (that which) I wanted;" (2.) when it both limits and relates to a noun; as, "What ore was found, was very poor": That ore which was found, &c. It is an interrogative pronoun, when used alone (belonging to an indefinite object) to ask a question; as, "What [things] do you want?" It is an interrogative adjective when used to limit a noun (a definite object), and also to ask a question; as, "What excuse does he render?" It is an interjection when it denotes an exclamation; as, "What! have you come?" It is an adverb when it is equivalent to partly; as, "The year before, he had so used the matter, that what by force, what by policy, he had taken from the Christians above thirty castles."

8. When that is used as the object of a preposition, the latter is always placed at the end of a clause; and that must be changed to whom or which whenever the preposition precedes; as, "It was James that I depended upon❞ = upon whom I depended.

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The antecedent-definite and indefinite. "that" of "what."

"What." Different uses of

"That" as object of a preposition.

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9. By an ellipsis of the relative, as, after such, many, and same, seems to take its place, and may be regarded as a relative, though, properly speaking, it is never a relative; as, "The Lord added to the church daily, such as [were those who] should be saved."

76. Compound Relatives.

1. The compound relatives are whoso, whoever, whosoever, whichever, whichsoever, whatever, and whatsoever.

2. These are formed from the simple relatives by adding the adverbs ever and soever. What, on account of its double construction (75, 5), has been erroneously regarded as a compound pronoun.

3. Whoever and whosoever refer to some indefinite antecedent, as he, person, any one, and are equivalent to any one who; as, "Whoever hopes a faultless piece to see.” In all other respects they are parsed like who, whose, whom. Whichever and whichsoever refer to a definite object, to which they belong as adjectives; as, "Whichever way you take will lead to the city." They are equivalent to any-which. ever and whatsoever belong, as adjectives, either to a definite or an indefinite object, and relate, as pronouns, to the same (75, 5); as, "We are interested in whatever occupation you follow." "Whatsoever is more than these cometh of evil." They are equivalent to that—which, or any thing—which.

4. The relative and interrogative pronouns are thus declined:

What

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77. Exercise-Models for Parsing.

1. "The man who is faithfully attached to religion will be upright." Who.. is a relative pronoun. (Why?)

(1.) As a pronoun it has man for its antecedent; nominative who, possessive whose, objective whom; plural the same; third person, singular number, masculine gender, because its antecedent is (Rule III.: Repeat it), nominative case, and is used as the subject of the proposition, "who is attached.” (Rule I. Repeat it.)

"As" after "such," "many," and " same." Compound relatives. Their formation. "Whoever," "Whosoever," &c. Declension of the relatives.

(2.) As a relative or connective it joins the subordinate proposition, "who is faithfully attached to religion," to the antecedent man. Rule XV. (Repeat it.)

2. "Cherish true patriotism, whose root is benevolence."

Whose. is a relative pronoun. (Why?)

(1.) As a pronoun it has patriotism for its antecedent; nominative which, &c. ; third person, singular number, neuter gender (Rule III.: Repeat it); possessive case, and is used to limit root, by denoting possession: Rule VII. (Repeat it).

(2.) As a relative or connective, it connects the subordinate proposition "whose root is benevolence," to the antecedent patriotism: Rule XV. (Repeat it.)

3. "Compassion is an emotion of which we should never be ashamed." Which . is a relative pronoun. (Why?)

(1.) As a pronoun it represents emotion as its antecedent (decline and give person, number, gender: Rule III.); objective case, and is used as the object of the preposition of: Rule XIV. (Repeat it.)

(2.) As a relative or connective, it joins the subordinate proposition, "of which we should never be ashamed,” to the antecedent emotion: Rule XV.

4. "Here is the sofa that he sat upon."

That.. is a relative pronoun. (Why?)

(1.) As a pronoun it has sofa for its antecedent (decline, and give person, number, gender: Rule III.); objective case, and used as the object of the preposition upon. Rule XIV. (See 75, 8.)

(2.) As a relative or connective, it connects the subordinate proposition, "that he sat upon," to the antecedent sofa. Rule XV.

5. "I have ascertained what lesson we must learn."

What.. is a relative pronoun, used also as an adjective; (1.) As an adjective, it belongs to lesson, according to Rule V.

(2.) As a pronoun, it represents lesson for its antecedent, and is of the third person, singular number, neuter gender, according to Rule III., objective case, and is the object of must learn, according to Rule VIII.

(3.) As a relative or connective, it joins the subordinate proposition, "what we must learn," to the antecedent lesson. Rule XV.

Models for parsing.

6. "I know what will be done."

What.. is a relative pronoun, used also as an adjective.

(1.) As an adjective, it belongs to some noun, as thing (what thing), understood, and should be parsed as above (75, 5), or it may be used as a noun of the third person, singular number, neuter gender, objective case, and the object of know. Rule VIII.

(2.) As a pronoun, it relates to thing understood, or to what (used as the noun thing) for its antecedent, and is of the third person, singular number, neuter gender (Rule III.), nominative case, and the subject of will be done. Rule I.

(3.) As a relative or connective, it connects the subordinate proposition, "what will be done," to thing or to what, used as a noun. Rule XV.

7. "He has lost whatever fortune he had."

Parse "whatever" according to the first model (5.) for “what.” 8. "Whoever fails must try again."

Supply the antecedent, (76, 3) and parse as in Model 1.

9. Parse the RELATIVES in the following examples :-

A dauntless soul erect who smiles on death.-Thomson.
Call imperfection what thou fanciest such.-Pope.
Whoever seeks the good of others, will himself be blest.
Whatsoever he doeth, shall prosper.

But that which gave the brightest lustre not only to the eloquence of Chatham, but to his character, was his loftiness and nobleness of soul. He loved fame, but it was the fame that follows, not the fame that is run after; not the fame that is gained by the little acts that bring forward little men, but the fame that a minister will and must wring from the very people whose prejudices he despises, and whose passions he controls.-Mahon.

For the structure that we raise

Time is with materials filled;

Our to-days and yesterdays

Are the blocks with which we build.-Longfellow.

9. Tell what part of speech "that" is in the following examples (74, 6): Thoughts that breathe and words that burn.

That is the same man that we met before.

I do not deny that you may be right.

I will send the articles that you asked for.

I hope that that boy that stole that purse will be punished.

It is not from my lips that that strain of eloquence is this day to flow.-Webster.

Models for parsing.

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