virtue cut short. The year is drawing to its natural term, the seasons have run their usual course; all their blessings have been enjoyed, and all our precious things are cared for.-Cooper.

One moment I looked from the hill's gentle slope,

All hushed was the billow's commotion,

And methought that the light-house looked lovely as Hope,
That star on life's tremulous ocean. -Moore.

Land of the beautiful and brave,

The freeman's home, the martyr's grave,
The nursery of giant men,

Whose deeds are linked with every glen!

My own green land for ever!— Whittier.

4. Let the whole class parse these or other words on the slate, thus::

Washington, is N. p. 3d. s. m. nom.

R. I.

Fanny's is N. p. 3d. s. f. pos. R. VII.
Desk is N. c. 3d. s. n. obj. R. XIV.

ADJECTIVES.

55. Definitions.

1. An adjective is a word used to limit or qualify a noun; as, "a good school;" "a diligent boy;" "this table;" "ten men;" "the box."

2. All words which have the construction of the adjective are here considered under the head of adjectives. The article, like the adjective, belongs to the noun; it has the same construction as the adjective, and is hence placed among adjectives.

3. Every adjective is a dependent or subordinate word, and must belong to some noun or pronoun as its principal.

4. When the noun or pronoun to which the adjective belongs has been previously used in the same sentence, or is some indefinite word, as, person, some one, or some thing, it may be omitted; as, "I will give you this book, if you will give me that [book]." "The kingdom of heaven suffereth violence, and the violent [persons] take it by force."

5. An adjective belonging to a noun understood, or omitted, takes the place of the latter, and is said to be an adjective used as a noun.

Adjectives defined. Adjective a dependent word. Adjectives used as

nouns.

56. Classes of Adjectives.

1. Adjectives are divided into two classes-limiting and quali fying.

2. A limiting adjective is used to define or restrict the meaning of a noun, without expressing any of its qualities; as, "the house;" "five books;" "this pen."

3. Limiting adjectives are divided into three classes-articles, pronominal adjectives, and numeral adjectives.

57. Articles.

1. The particular limiting adjectives, the, and a or an, are

called articles.

2. The is called the definite article, because it points out some particular thing; as, "the desk;" "the desk ;""the sun."

3. A or an, is called an indefinite article, because it does not point out any particular thing; as, "a pen;" "an orchard."

4. An is used before a vowel sound, and a before a consonant sound; as, "an apple;" "a pin ;""an hour; "a union ;” (6 honor."

an

5. Although the article is intimately connected with the limitation of nouns, it is to be regarded rather as the sign of limitation than as itself a limiting word. When one says, "The man," the gives notice to the hearer that some particular man is regarded in the mind of the speaker. He will point out, by limiting or individualizing, who that particular man is. A, or an, again, is a sign that the speaker, in regarding a multitude of objects, of the same kind, thinks of one, but no specific or particular one The noun may be limited to show what class or description of objects is meant, but not to show any particular individual..

6. A, or an, however, may be said to limit whenever it prevents a noun from being used in its widest sense; as, man the whole human race; a man one man, but no particular one. The, again, may be said to extend the meaning of a noun in the singular, when it is used in such examples as these: "The horse" all horses. "The dog," &c. 7. The article has the construction of the limiting adjective, and is to be parsed like it.

Adjectives limiting and qualifying. before a vowel. A before a consonant.

Articles,-definite-indefinite. An

58. Exercise.

1. Point out the articles in the following examples; tell which are definite and which are indefinite :

The hat, a book, a knife, a box, an heir, an ox, a plough, an orchard, an industrious man, an honest man, a good citizen, a hill, a huge round stone, the enemy, the union, the ewe, a university.

59. Pronominal Adjectives.

1. Those limiting adjectives which may, without the use of the article, represent a noun when understood, are called pronominal adjectives; as, "That (book) is his; this is yours."

2. The principal pronominal adjectives are, this, that, these, those, former, latter, which, what, each, every, either, neither, some, one, none, any, all, such, much, both, few, fewer, fewest, first, last, little, less, least, many, more, most, own, same, several, sundry, enough.

3. When such adjectives represent a noun understood, they are generally called pronouns. They may more properly be called limiting adjectives (pronominal adjectives), used as nouns; as, "This is my book." The articles never represent a noun understood.

4. Qualifying adjectives may also represent a noun when understood, but the article must be prefixed; as, "The good are happy."

5. All is sometimes a noun; as, "He robbed me of my house, my goods, my home, my all." Both is frequently a conjunction; as, “I both saw and heard him."

6. Each, every, either, neither, are used distributively. This and that, with their plurals, these and those, are used demonstratively. None, any, all, such, whole, some, both, one, other, another, are used indefinitely.

7. These, those, all, many, both, few, fewer, fewest, several, sundry, usually require a noun in the plural; as, "These days; "Those plants."

8. Either and neither are used with reference to two things only. When more than two objects are referred to, any and none should be used. 9. One and other are declined thus:

Pronominal adjectives used as nouns. Qualifying adjectives used as nouns. All and both. Each, every, &c. This, that. None, any, &c. Either and Neither. One and other declined.

60. Exercise.

1. Point out the pronominal adjectives in the following sentences:— This rule is preferable to that. These scholars are more studious than those. The former plan has yielded to the latter. Each exercise was well written. Every accused one was acquitted. The first method is better than the last. Many of our hopes are blasted. Few men are of the same mind. Much remains to be said upon all these points. Our own wishes must often be yielded to those of others. More were present than were expected. Little hope was entertained of his recovery. Neither remark was just. The same course was pursued by several of the members. Much harm arises from imprudence. "Unto me, who am less than the least of all saints."

61. Numeral Adjectives.

1. Numeral adjectives are those which express number; as, one, two, three, first, second, &c.

2. Numeral adjectives are divided into, Cardinal, which denote how many; as, one, two, three, &c.; Ordinal, which show which one of a series; as, first, second, third; multiplicative, which show repetition; as, twice, or twofold, thrice, or threefold, &c.

3. When a numeral is used as a noun, the cardinal, like the pronominal adjective, takes no article; while the ordinal has the article prefixed; as, "Two only were present;" "The third was lost."

62. Exercise.

1. Apply cardinal numbers to the following nouns; change them to the plural, if necessary :—

Peach, berry, box, match, cork, shoe, penny, mouse, goose, woman, court-martial, tooth, brother-in-law, handfuls, stratum, index, stamen, cherub, phenomenon.

2. Correct the following plurals, and apply to each any numeral greater than one or first :

Oxes, calfs, sheeps, deers, geeses, 98, 7s, fs, cherubims, seraphims, swines, vallies, loafs, chimnies, journies, studys, commander-in-chiefs, heros, soloes, grottoes, ladys.

63. Qualifying Adjectives.

1. A qualifying adjective is one which limits the meaning of a

Numerals. Classes of numerals. Qualifying adjectives.

noun, by denoting some property or quality; as, “a virtuous man;" "a running horse." To this class of adjectives belong the participles, which have the signification of the verb and the construction of the adjective.

2. When the participle is placed before the noun which it modifies, it is called a participial adjective; as, "The rising sun. When it is placed after the noun, and is itself limited by other words, it is parsed as a participle; as, "The sun rising in the east."

3. When a qualifying adjective represents an object understood, either definite or indefinite, the article the must be placed before it; as, "The _wise [persons]; the benevolent [ones]; the beautiful, the good, and the true." When the quality is used abstractly, the adjective undergoes a change in its termination; as, Wise, wisdom; beautiful, beauty.

64. Comparison of Adjectives.

1. When different objects are compared with each other, the adjective expressing the quality by means of which they are compared, undergoes a change, called comparison.

2. There are three degrees of comparison-the positive, comparative, and superlative.

3. The positive simply denotes a quality without comparison; as, righteous, pleasant.

4. The comparative shows that one of two contrasted objects possesses a quality in a higher degree than the other; as, "This tree is taller than that."

5. The superlative shows that one of several objects referred to, possesses a quality in the highest degree, when compared with all the rest; as, "That pine is the tallest tree in the grove."

6. The comparative and superlative degrees are not used, as many suppose, to express increase or diminution of the quality denoted by the positive.

7. The comparative degree implies that two objects are considered together with respect to a quality common to both, and it shows that one possesses more or less of that quality than the other. In either case, by itself alone, the quality would be put in the positive. Thus, A is large, and B is large; but A is larger than B, or A is the larger of

Participial adjectives. Qualifying adjectives with noun understood. Degrees of comparison,-positive-comparative-superlative.