3. Correct, by the Caution, the following examples :—

I am engaged with my work. Mesopotamia lies among two rivers. I left my book to home. Come in my house. They insist on it, that you are wrong. My friend has a strong prejudice to the candidate. That mother is too indulgent with her child. With what are you so intent? We should profit from the experience of others. not careful with his books. With what does he excel?

224. The Object of the Preposition.

That boy is

1. RULE XIV. A noun or pronoun used as the object of a preposition must be in the objective case; as, "The ruins of the Parthenon stand upon the Acropolis in the city of Athens.”

(a.) Before nouns in the objective, denoting time, measure, distance, quantity, value, or direction, and before such as follow near, nigh, like, and worth, the preposition is usually omitted; as, "The wall is six feet high ;" "We walked twenty miles that day;" "He helped a worthy man, and is not a penny poorer;" "My friend has gone West;" "He is like his father;" "They live near the city;" "The book is worth a dollar."

2. The preposition is omitted as in (212, 4); and in dates, there is usually an omission of several prepositions; as, "[At] Boston, [on] Monday, [of] February the 10th, [in the year] 1860."

3. The word worth is by some called a preposition; but it can be predicated of a noun like an adjective, and may be qualified by an adverb; and what is more, it expresses an idea of quality rather than a relation between words; as, "The lesson is well worth learning;" "It is richly worth the money." Worth is sometimes a noun, and sometimes a verb; as, "The worth of a dollar;" "A person of great worth;" "Woe worth the day." In this last example, worth is a verb in the imperative, equivalent to be to, and day is the indirect object of it.

4. But and save, in the sense of "except," are generally used as prepositions; as, "Whence all but him had fled;" yet formerly, and by some writers even now, they are regarded as conjunctions; as, "Neither knoweth any man the Father, save the Son, and he to whomsoever the Son will reveal him."

5. Prepositions are sometimes followed by adjectives, or adverbs used substantively; as, in vain, on high, for this once, till now, from thence, from above. 6. Than before whom, has been erroneously supposed by some to be a preposition; as, "Than whom none higher sat." Than is no more a preposition here than in case of any other proper use of the word. It denotes comparison, and the construction requires that it should be followed by the nominative, instead of the objective whom. Though used by some good writers, it should be avoided as anomalous. In this case, it should be disposed of by saying that it is the objective by the figure enallage (237, 8.)

The object of the preposition. Nouns denoting time, measure, &c. Preposition omitted. Worth. But and save. Prepositions followed by adjectives or adverbs.

Than.

225. Exercise.

1. Analyze the following examples, and parse the prepositions and their objects :

A similar improvement may be made of the memory of our good deeds. What ground of hope is there so sure to his spirit, next to the mercy of his God, and the intercession of Christ, his Saviour? It was not long before he returned with his man, whom he introduced to me as a person of exceeding honesty; and we went into the yard all together. MODEL. "We live in an age of sifting."-Neander.

Let the learner analyze this sentence.

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"Age" is a common noun, third, sing., neut., obj., and is the object of the preposition "in." Rule XIV.

"Sifting" is a participial noun, in the objective case, and is used as the object of the preposition "of." Rule XIV.

2. Construct examples in which any of the prepositions (140) shall join adjective or adverbial phrases.

3. Change the phrases, consisting of a preposition and its object, into equivalent ADJECTIVES or ADVERBS :

The dew of the morning has passed away. The temple of Solomon was destroyed by the Chaldean monarch. The messenger was sent in The laborer entered upon his task with eagerness. The waves dash upon the rocks with fury.

haste.

226. Subordinate Connectives.

1. RULE XV. Subordinate connectives are used to join dissimilar elements; as, "He that hath pity on the poor, lendeth to the Lord."

2. Subordinate connectives, unlike coördinate, show a relation of dependence, and are used to join, not clauses of equal rank, but dependent clauses to an antecedent term, which they serve to modify, except as below (3).

3. That, whether, or the various interrogatives, when, where, &c., when used to introduce a substantive clause employed as the subject of a proposition, do not connect the clause to an antecedent term, since the subject can be subordinate to no other part of the proposition. These connectives thus used serve to convert a principal proposition into a subordinate substantive proposition, which, like any noun, may be used as the subject.

4. In many cases, the subordinate connective has a corresponding word in the principal clause, called the correlative; as, "Then-when, there—where,

Subordinate connectives show dependence. That, whether, &c. Corresponding connectives.

P

if-then, though—yet, so—that, so—as, as—as, the, this, that, these, those—who, that, or which.

5. Though a subordinate conjunction appropriately joins a clause to some preceding term, yet than and as sometimes appear to connect words only; as, "Less judgment than wit, is more sail than ballast." "The moon, as satellite, attends." Though this connection seems to resemble coördinate, the terms joined are not of the same rank. As has a peculiar use when thus employed to connect an attribute, either predicated or assumed, to the noun to which it belongs; it not only gives emphasis, but expresses the idea of capacity or office; as, "He was employed as clerk ;” “The fruit was considered as good;" "He offered himself as printer;" "I do not respect your rules as such;" "What is a pronoun as distinguished from a noun ?”

6. Than, or as, when used to show comparison, instead of connecting words only, generally introduces an elliptical clause, which becomes so on account of the similarity of its construction to that of the principal clause; as, "He is more nice than wise," that is, "than he is wise." "He is as old as his cousin," that is, "as his cousin is old." Sometimes the subsequent term is not only elliptical, but abridged; as, "The patient is so well as to sit up," that is, "so well as that he can sit up." "The boy knows better than to disobey (182, 7).

7. As, following an adjective, and sometimes a noun, and without a correlative, gives an adversative signification to the subordinate clause; as, "Defenceless as we were, we still maintained our ground" Though we were defenceless, &c. That or as, after a noun, has a similar construction to denote concession; as, "Fool that [or as] I was, I entered the army."

=

8. Subordinate connectives are a kind of preposition placed before a sentence which is to be converted into a noun, adjective, or adverb. Hence, their position is almost invariably at the head of the clause.

CAUTION. In using a noun or pronoun in an elliptical clause, following THAN or As, avoid both ambiguity and an incorrect construction. Say, My brother is older than I,-not, than me.

NOTE.-There is danger of ambiguity only when two different cases occur in the preceding clause; as, "Lovest thou me more than these?" that is, "more than these love me," or, "more than thou lovest these."

227. Exercise.

1. Analyze the following examples, and parse the connectives :—

While there is life, there is hope. However friendly he might appear, his heart was full of anger. Whether the moon has an atmosphere, has not been ascertained. He that plants trees, loves others beside himself. What comes from the heart goes to the heart. Time will bring to light whatever is hidden. The more we serve God, the better we serve ourselves. As far as the eye could see, all was ruin and desolation. Work

Than and as. As, denoting capacity or office. Than, or as, showing comparison. As, adversative. That, or as, denoting concession.

as long as you can. The more one has, the more he requires. Revenge always costs more than it is worth. That you may be loved, be deserving of love.

MODEL I. "If we draw within the circle of our contemplation the mothers of a civilized nation, what do we see?"-Webster. This is a complex interrogative sentence, consisting of a principal and a subordinate clause.

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“We” is the subject of the principal clause, and “do see” is the simple predicate. "Do see" is limited by the interrogative "what," and by the conditional clause "If we draw," &c.

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“Iƒ” is a subordinate connective, and joins the subordinate clause, which it introduces, to the predicate of the principal clause. These elements are dissimilar in rank, in meaning, and in form; they are connected by Rule XV Repeat it.

MODEL II. "As ye have therefore received Christ Jesus the Lord, so walk ye in him."

"Therefore," in this complex sentence, is a coördinate conjunction, joining the whole sentence as an inference, to a preceding sentence.

"As" is a subordinate connective, having, as its correlative, the adverb "so" in the principal clause. It joins the subordinate clause, “As ye have therefore received," &c., to "walk." Rule XV.

2. Construct examples in which any of the RELATIVE PRONOUNS shall join adjective clauses (143, 17),—others in which THAT, THAT NOT, or any of the interrogatives shall join substantive clauses (143, 16),—and still others in which any of the connectives in (143, 18) shall join adverbial clauses.

3. Correct, by the Caution, the following examples:—

Who can write better than him? Whom does he honor more than I? I know James better than him. The lion can devour a sheep as well as a wolf.

228. The Infinitive.

1. RULE XVI. The infinitive has the construction of the noun, with the signification and limitations of the verb, and, when dependent, is governed by the word which it limits; as, "To err is human;""They desire to travel in a foreign country;" "He wishes to obtain a treatise on the deposition of dew."

(a.) After the active voice of bid, dare, let, need, make, see, behold, hear, and feel, and some others, the To of the infinitive is omitted; as, "I saw him do it ;" They let him go."

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Models. The infinitive after bid, dare, have, &c.

2. The infinitive is properly the simple name of the verb; and, as such, was originally used without a preposition, as subject or object, in a proposition. Of these uses, we have the form of one only remaining, namely, that of object after the auxiliaries (111, 4); as, "Shall write," "will read," "do love," &c. But here the principal verb has lost its original character,-has become an auxiliary, a mere index of time and mode, and the infinitive is changed from object to attribute.

3. The infinitive, as now recognized in the language, is the dative case of the ancient infinitive; or the simple infinitive with the preposition to prefixed. The two words are so united as to be regarded as an inseparable phrase; as, "To live is Christ, and to die is gain."

4. The infinitive may be used with or without a subject (184, II., 1, 2); as, "We wish you to stay." "We wish to stay."

5. The infinitive may have a subject in the objective, when its subject has not already been expressed in the sentence; as, "They ordered him to leave."

(a.) The infinitive of the copula may also have a predicate objective; as, "I knew him to be a preacher."

(b.) The infinitive, and its subject, may be the subject of a proposition; the phrase must then be introduced by for; as, "For you to deceive is criminal." "For him to be a scholar is impossible."

nessed."

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(c.) The infinitive and its subject may be made the object of a transitive verb, or of the preposition for; as, "He ordered the horse to be har"They considered him [to be] a traitor." 'They appointed him [to be] chairman." "They ordered some water for the boy to drink.” 6. When the subject has already been expressed, the infinitive is used without its subject, and may be

(a.) The subject of a proposition; as, "To retaliate is censurable." (b.) The attribute of a proposition without the sign to (111, 4); as, "I do love," "They may learn.”

(c.) The attribute of a proposition with to prefixed; as, "To obey is to enjoy."

NOTE.-When the infinitive is thus used, it denotes (1.) An equivalent term; as, "To pray is to supplicate." (2.) What is possible or obligatory; as, "The passage is to be found." "Our duty is to be done." (3.) What is settled or determined upon; as, "The work is to commence to-morrow."

(d.) The object of a transitive verb, a preposition, or it may be used to complete the meaning of some intransitive verbs; as, “He wishes to remain." They are about to go." "She went to weep."

(e.) An adjective element or noun in apposition, limiting another noun;

The name of the verb. The dative case. Used with or without the subject. Subject objective. Predicate objective. The subject of a proposition. Object of a proposition. The attribute of a proposition. The object of a transitive verb. An adjective element.