document. He examined the document carefully.

"We were

5. Adverbs are used sometimes to limit the meaning of a preposition, sometimes a phrase; as, "He held his hand exactly over the place absent almost a year."

6. Adverbs are themselves sometimes modified by phrases or clauses; as, "He left four years afterwards." "He came some time ago.” than his brother."

"He ran faster

7. What, equivalent to partly, is sometimes used as an adverb (75, 7). Once = one time, is often used as a noun; as, "Excuse me for this once." "So, also, when, now, and then, are used as nouns; as, "Until now," "Since then," "Since when."

8. Conjunctive adverbs are complex words usually modifying two words, and, at the same time, joining an adverbial clause to the word on which it depends; as, "We shall be present when the boat arrives" (135, 2).

CAUTION I. Two negatives should never be employed to express a negation; as, "I have no book," not, "I haven't no book."

CAUTION II. Avoid the use of an adverb when the quality of an object, and not the manner of an action, is to be expressed; as, "The apple tastes sweet," not, sweetly tastes."

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CAUTION III. Avoid the use of NO to express negation, with a verb or participle; as, "I shall not change my course of action, whether you do or not," not, "whether you do or no."

CAUTION IV. Never use How before THAT, or instead of it; as, “He said that he should come," not, "how he should come," nor, "how that he should come."

215. Exercise.

1. Analyze the sentences, and parse the adverbs in the following examples :You both are truly welcome. Speak softly, for a breath might wake her. Yet we may strongly trust his skill. How heavily her fate must weigh her down! Freely to give reproof, and thankfully to receive it, is an indispensable condition of true friendship. How happy they who wake no more! How soon man's earthly enjoyments pass away! How easily are men diverted from a good cause!

MODEL I. "Burke was deeply hurt."-Macaulay.

This simple sentence has "Burke" for its subject, "was hurt" for its grammatical, and "was deeply hurt" for its logical predicate; "was hurt" is limited by "deeply," a simple adverbial element of the first class, used to show how he was hurt.

Adverbs limit prepositions or phrases. What, an adverb. Conjunctive adverbs.

"Deeply" is an adverb, comp. deeply, more deeply, most deeply, and is used to limit "was hurt," by Rule IX. (Repeat it.)

2. Construct examples of your own to illustrate the uses of the adverb.

3. Correct, by the Cautions, the following examples :—

I will not take that course by no means. I did not like neither his principles nor his practice. I cannot write no more. Nothing never can justify such conduct. He will never be no better. Neither he nor

no one else believes the story. I never go nowheres. I am resolved not to trust him, neither now, nor any other time. No one knows neither the causes nor the effects of such influences.

His expressions sounded harshly. Satin feels very smoothly. Give him a soon and decisive answer. Such incidents are of seldom occurThe then emperor issued a decree. Did he arrive safely? She seemed beautifully.

rence.

Know now whether this be thy son's coat, or no? Tell me whether I shall do it, or no. I will ascertain if it is true, or no.

He said how he believed it. She told me how that she would come if she could. He remarked how time was valuable.

4. Exchange the following adverbs for equivalent PHRASES, containing a preposition and its object :—

The soldiers fought bravely. The cars are moving rapidly. There stands the house. The bee builds its cells skilfully. The winds blow fiercely. Where are you teaching? Why do you delay? Read carefully. Listen attentively.

216. Case Independent and Interjection.

1. RULE X. The nominative case independent, and the interjection, have no grammatical relation to the other parts of the sen

tence.

(a.) A noun or pronoun may be independent by direct address; as, "Plato, thou reasonest well."

(b.) A noun or pronoun may be independent by mere exclamation; as, "O wretched man that I am!"

(c.) A noun or pronoun may be independent by pleonasm, or when the attention is drawn to an object before anything is said of it; as, Harry's flesh, it fell away." "Gad, a troop shall overcome him."

(d.) A noun or pronoun may be independent or absolute, when, in connection with a participle, it is equivalent to a proposition, of which it

Nominative case independent. Interjections. Direct address. Exclamation. Pleonasm.

was the subject before the former was abridged; as, "He having arrived, we returned."

(e.) A noun or pronoun may be independent, when, in an abridged proposition, it follows the infinitive or participle of the copula, and is uncontrolled by a preceding noun; as, “I was not aware of his being a scholar " "To be a scholar requires industry and perseverance."

2. In the last two cases, though the noun is absolute, the group of words to which it belongs, including the participle or infinitive, has some connection with the rest of the sentence.

3. In the case of the nominative absolute, that is, the nominative preceding a participle, sometimes the noun or pronoun is understood, and sometimes the participle; as, "Properly speaking, there is no such thing as cold;" that is, we, or one, speaking properly. "This done, and all is safe;" that is, being done. "This matter at an end, we will proceed;" being at an end.

4. Both of the last two cases result from abridging a dependent clause. The abridged construction may usually be restored to a complete proposition. 5. Sometimes a noun or pronoun appears to be put absolute with an infinitive; as, "And I to be a corporal in the field, and wear his colors like a tumbler's hoop." "What? I! I love! I sue! I seek a wife!"

217. Exercise.

1. Analyze the following sentences, and parse the interjections and cases independent:

Fair daffodils! we weep to see you haste away so soon O day most calm, most bright! With thee, sweet hope, resides the heavenly light. A horse! a horse! my kingdom for a horse! The pilgrim fathers! where are they? He having given us the direction, we departed. I was not aware of his being the preacher. O the times! O the manners! Ah, father! these are wondrous words. The savage rocks have drunk thy blood, my brother!

MODEL I. "Alack! alack! Edmund, I like not this unnatural dealing."

This is a simple sentence, preceded by the interjections "Alack! Alack!" and the compellative (157, 3), or the name of the person addressed. These have no part in the grammatical construction of the sentence.

"I" is the subject, and "like" the simple, and "like not this unnatural dealing," the complex predicate. (Point out the limitations of the simple predicate.)

“Alack" is an interjection, expressive of grief, and has no dependence upon any part of the sentence, by Rule X., a. (Repeat it.)

Subject nominative absolute. Predicate nominative absolute.

"Edmund" is a proper noun, second person, singular number, and nominative case independent by direct address. Rule X.; see a.

MODEL II. "But, O vain boast!

Who can control his fate?"-Shakspeare.

"Boast" is a common noun, third person, singular number, neuter gender, and nominative case independent by exclamation. see b.

Rule X.;

MODEL III. "Gad,—a troop shall overcome him.”—Bible. "Gad" is a proper noun, third, sing. masc. nom. independent by pleonasm. Rule X.; see c.

MODEL IV. "The war having ended, the army was

disbanded."

For the Analysis of this case, see 199, 1, Model III. "War" is a common noun, third, sing. neut. nominative absolute with the participle "having ended." Rule X.; see d.

MODEL V. "He was displeased on account of my being a friend to his enemy."

For Analysis, see 201, 1. Model III.

'Friend" is a common noun, &c., and is in the nominative absolute by Rule X.; see e.

2. Construct examples to illustrate the use of the interjections and cases independent.

218. Co-ordinate Conjunctions.

1. RULE XI. Coördinate conjunctions are used to connect similar elements; as, "Abraham, Isaac, AND Jacob were Jewish patriarchs."

2. These conjunctions are used only when the parts connected are of the same rank (159), and not even then, unless there is some similarity or contrast in the thoughts or ideas expressed by the united parts. Thus, when two thoughts are uttered; as, "The king sat upon his throne;""The south wind is blowing gently," they may hold the same rank as independent sentences; but being wholly unlike in meaning, they cannot blend into one sentence. So, again, the adjective element "old" and "brown," in the expression, "That old brown house," are of the same rank, but do not express kindred ideas. Compare with these, "We have much to do, AND our time is short;""A wise AND patriotic sovereign."

3. When the connection between two similar coördinate thoughts or ideas is to be made close, or one is to be made more emphatic than the other, two

Coördinate conjunctions. Terms of the same rank and similar. Corresponding conjunctions.

conjunctions are used,-the one corresponding with the other, and both conspiring to form the connection; as, "The prince is both virtuous and wise;" "He not only reads Shakspeare's plays, but he appreciates them."

4. Sometimes a thought or an idea sustains a double relation to another, the one simply coördinate, the other causal, illative, concessive, augmentative, ordinative, partitive, &c. The former is represented by the simple coördinate conjunction (sometimes understood), placed between the coördinate parts, and the latter by a connective (sometimes adverbial in its nature) associated with it; as, "The south wind blows [and], therefore, there must be rain.” "She sings; [and] besides she plays beautifully."

5. When the coördinate thought or idea is purely causal, the causal or illative conjunction expresses the whole connection; as, "The tree is falling, therefore run" Run, for the tree is falling.

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6. When correlatives are employed, the principal conjunction is usually placed at the beginning of the second or added clause, and its correlative is placed in the first, to give the reader or hearer an intimation of what is to follow; as, "Whether the truth of the matter will ever be discovered or not, is very doubtful." Sometimes, inelegantly however, either, or neither, is placed at the end of the sentence; as, I can not go, nor you neither" Neither I nor you can go.

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CAUTION I. In a series of coördinate terms, unless great emphasis is required, insert the conjunction between the last two only. Say, “Peter, James, and John,"-not, Peter, and James, and John.

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CAUTION II. In using correlatives, be careful to place both conjunctions so as mark correctly the prominent or contrasted terms. Say, "He was not only poor, but idle," instead of, "Not only was he poor, but idle."

CAUTION III. Avoid dissimilar and disproportionate coördinate constructions. Say, "I saw him enter the gate, and ring the bell." Not, "I saw him entering the gate, and ring the bell."

219. Exercise.

1. Analyze the following sentences, and parse the conjunctions :Clouds and darkness are round about him, righteousness and judgment are the habitation of his throne. They were united both by ties of friendship and of kindred. I am debtor both to the Greeks and to the barbarians. The country was wasted,-partly by war, partly by famine, and partly by pestilence. The relations of the teacher will be treated as threefold; first, to his pupils, secondly, to his school officers, and thirdly, to the parents. A hero on the day of battle has sacrificed a meal, and shall we therefore pity him? The situation is not suited to his tastes; the compensation, moreover, is meagre. They have, indeed, honored them with their praise, but they have disgraced them with their

Two coördinate conjunctions. Position of conjunction and correlative.