CAUTION I. In writing nouns in the possessive, never omit the possessive termination. Write man's, not mans.

CAUTION II. In using pronouns in the possessive, never insert the apostrophe in writing, nor add the letter n in speaking. Write theirs, not their's. Say, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs, not hisn, hern, ourn, yourn, theirn.

CAUTION III. Never make the limited noun plural because the possessive is plural. Say "Their decision," not, "Their decisions," one only being

meant.

211. Exercise.

1. Analyze the following examples, and parse the possessives :

Charles's resignation filled all Europe with astonishment. The joy of his youth was great. Rotha's bay received the ship. Her ways are ways of pleasantness, and all her paths are peace. A mother's tenderness, and a father's care, are nature's gifts for man's advantage. A chieftain's daughter seemed the maid. Yet my last thought is England's. She stooped her by the runnel's side. Hushed were his Gertrude's lips. Our harps we left by Babel's streams.

MODEL "What, I say, was Cæsar's object?"-Knowles. This is a complex sentence, consisting of a principal clause, "I say,' and a subordinate interrogative clause, "What was Cæsar's object?" It is quoted directly (170, 1), and hence the interrogation point is used at the close (170, 6).

"I," is the subject of the principal clause, and "say," the grammatical predicate; it is limited by the quoted clause, which is subordinate in construction, and is an objective element of the third class. It has no connective (160, 5); its simple subject is "object," and is limited by the adjective element "Cæsar's;" the predicate is "was what," of which "was" is the copula, and "what" the attribute.

"Caesar's" is a proper noun, of the third person, singular number, masculine gender, possessive case, and is used to limit "object," by denoting possession. Rule VII. (Repeat it.)

2. Construct similar examples of your own.

3. Correct any errors of your own, either in speaking or writing the possessive.

4. Correct the following examples by the Cautions:—

On Lindens hills of blood-stained snow. It was the grand sultans palace. The nations hopes were blasted. Next Mars, Piazzis orb is seen. It is against the laws of Plutos empire. His brothers offence is

Cautions. Model.

not his. Midst glorys glance, and victorys thunder-shout. The mans story was false. If, of Drydens fire the blaze is brighter, of Popes the heat is more regular and constant.

This book is your's. I listened to it's song.

The slate is hisn. This

map is theirn. This knife is mine, and not yourn. That handkerchief Will you drive yourn out of the pas

is hern. These sheep are ourn. ture? Our's is a pleasant task.

I will do it for your sakes. We intend, for our parts, to follow his advice. Their healths have improved. We will submit to our lots. It was not worth their whiles to remain so long in port.

212. The Object.

1. RULE VIII. A noun or pronoun used as the object of a transitive verb, or its participles, must be in the objective case; as, "He found the object which he desired."

(a.) Copulative verbs (9 below), in the active voice, take a direct object and predicate of it an attributive object, both of which form a double object; as, "They called him John." In the passive voice, the direct object becomes the subject, and the attributive becomes the attribute; "He was called John."

as,

(b.) Certain verbs, as give, ask, teach, and others (12 below), in the active voice, take two objects, one direct, and the other indirect, as, "He gave me a book." In the passive, the direct object should become the subject, and the indirect should remain in the predicate; as, "A book was given to me."

2. When a noun or pronoun is used to complete the meaning of a transitive verb, without the aid of a preposition expressed or understood, it is called the direct object; but when it is added to a verb, either transitive or intransitive, to show that to or for which anything is, or is done, or that from which anything proceeds, it is called the indirect object; as, "Ellen gave an apple to her brother."

3. When an indirect object precedes the direct, the preposition should be omitted; when it follows, it should be expressed; as, "I lent him a book” I lent a book to him.

4. The indirect object is sometimes used alone with intransitive verbs, sometimes with an adjective, and in a few instances with a noun; as, “He spoke of his trials." "To me this rule is obvious." "To the hero that was a proud day."

5. The object of a transitive verb may be an infinitive, or a substantive clause; as, "I love to write." "I have heard that he was sick."

The object-after copulative verbs-after give, ask, &c. Direct and indirect object. The infinitive as object.

6. Some intransitive verbs are followed by an object of kindred signification; as, "He ran a race." "She dreamed a dream."

7. The object of the active verb becomes the subject of the passive; as, "Romulus founded Rome": Rome was founded by Romulus.

8. To avoid ambiguity, the object should be placed after the verb, especially when the subject and object are both nouns; as, "Alexander conquered Darius," not "Alexander Darius conquered;" but when the subject or object is a pronoun, the form usually determines the relation; as, "Him followed his next mate."

9. The following copulative verbs, make, appoint, elect, create, constitute, render, name, style, call, esteem, think, consider, regard, reckon, and some others, not only take after them a direct object, but predicate of it another object, which may, therefore, be called its attribute. The attributive object may be either a noun, an adjective, or a verb. "They made him an officer." "They made him sick." 66 They made him labor." Though it is evident that the attributive object, when a noun, denotes the same person or thing as the first, it is by no means in apposition with it. In the case of apposition, the principal noun completes the meaning of the verb, and the second limits the first; as, "They called Miles, the carpenter." But in the case of two objects (the object and its attribute), both are necessary to complete the meaning of the verb; as, "They called Miles a carpenter In one case, the second noun has no grammatical relation to the verb; in the other, it is directly related, both to the verb and to the first noun. In the first example, "carpenter" should be parsed as a noun in the objective, put in apposition with the first, by Rule VI. In the second example, "carpenter" should be parsed as a noun in the objective, forming, in connection with "Miles," the object of "called," being also an attribute to the first object. In a similar way, parse "sick," and "labor," in the above examples; or, one may be called the first, or principal, and the other the attributive object of the verb.

10. This construction, in many instances, may be traced to an abridged proposition, in which the infinitive has been dropped; as, "They considered him a poet," that is, to be a poet. In fact, the infinitive of the copula is often expressed, the first object representing, in the objective, what was the subject nominative; the second, in like manner, what was the predicate nominative before the proposition was abridged; as, "I knew that he was a scholar." "I knew him to be a scholar." In such cases, the infinitive and second noun form the attributive object of the verb, the second noun being in the objective after "to be." Some verbs, as say, announce, hope, and others, take only the full form of the proposition; others, as believe, know, think, and many others, admit either the full or abridged form; while others, as compel, constrain, and others, take only the abridged form; as, "I say that he did it,"-never, him to do it; "I believe that he is honest": him to be honest; "They compelled him to go,”-never, that he should go.

11. An infinitive may be the second or attributive object; the first object being its subject, and the two together forming a kind of abridged proposition;

Object of kindred signification. Position of the object. Object after copulative verbs. Principal and attributive object. Double object derived from an abridged proposition.

as, "They ordered the soldiers to march." should march." (182, 8.)

"They ordered that the soldiers

12. The following verbs, buy, sell, play, sing, get, lend, draw, send, make, pass, write, pour, give, teach, leave, bring, tell, do, present, throw, carry, ask, show, order, promise, refuse, deny, provide, and some others, take after them, besides a direct object, an indirect object, showing to or from what the action tends; as, "Give me a book."

13. When any of the above verbs assume the passive form, the direct object generally (though not always) becomes the subject; as, "A book was given me." The indirect object sometimes, however, becomes the subject; as, "He was asked his opinion." "I was taught grammar.” Opinion and grammar are in the objective case after a passive verb.

14. Instead of a single word, or an infinitive, a substantive clause may become one of the objects; as, "He informed me that the boat had sailed."

213. Exercise.

1. Analyze the sentences, and parse the objective nouns and pronouns in the following examples :—

Ambition makes the same mistake concerning power that avarice makes concerning wealth. If you have performed an act of great and disinterested virtue, conceal it. Imperial Rome governed the bodies of men, but did not extend her empire farther. In former times, patriots prided themselves on their own poverty, and the riches of the state. He endeavored to inculcate right principles. He sought to follow the example of the good. They say that they have bought it. The truly great consider, first, how they may gain the approbation of God. He inquired, "Who comes there?"

MODEL I. "Thou hast delivered me from the strivings of the people; and thou hast made me the head of the heathen."Psalms xviii. 43.

66

This is a compound sentence, consisting of two coördinate parts, connected by "and." The first is a simple sentence, having "thou" for its subject, and hast delivered" for its simple, and "hast delivered me from the strivings of the people," for its complex predicate. (Point out all the modifications of the simple predicate.)

The second component part is also a simple sentence, having "thou" for its subject, "hast made" for its simple, and "hast made me the head of the heathen," for its complex predicate. The simple predicate "hast made" is modified by "me the head of the heathen," an objective element, consisting of "me," the direct, and "the head of the heathen,"

Object after buy, sell, &c. Direct object of the active voice becomes the subject of the passive.

the attributive object, both together forming a double object, used to complete the meaning of "hast made."

"Me" is a personal pronoun, of the first person, singular number, masculine gender, and objective case, and in the first clause is the object of "hast delivered," according to Rule VIII.; and in the second, the leading or direct object of "hast made."

"Head" is a common noun, third person, &o., and is the attributive object of "hast made," "me head," combined, being the double object, according to Rule VIII., a.

In the same manner, parse "him," and "to write," in the sentence, "I commanded him to write."

MODEL II. "He gave me a promise."

""

"He" is the subject, and "gave" the simple, and "gave me a promise," the complex predicate; "gave" is limited by "me" and "promise," the latter a direct, and the former an indirect object of "gave.' Let the learner parse each, and give Rule VIII., b., and Rule VIII. 2. Construct examples of your own to illustrate the object after transitive verbs.

3. Correct the following examples by the rule:—

He who

Who did you see yesterday? Who did he marry? They that help us we should reward. committed the offence thou shouldst punish, not I, who am innocent. Who should I find but my cousin? Will you let him and I sit together? I did not know who to send.

214. Adverbs as Modifiers.

1. RULE IX. Adverbs are used to limit verbs, participles, adjectives, and other adverbs; as, "Lightning moves swiftly." "He advanced walking slowly;" "The night was very dark;" "The sound was heard very distinctly."

2. Some adverbs, instead of modifying any particular word, are either independent, or are used to modify an entire proposition; as, yes, no, nay, amen, likewise, truly, &c. "Will you go? Yes."-" Truly, God is good to Israel."

3. Any word or group of words performing the office of an adverb, is called an adverbial element or expression. If it be a group of words, it should first be disposed of as an adverb, and then resolved into its component parts.

4. An adverb or adverbial expression should be placed so near the word which it limits, as to make its relation obvious; yet no element of the sentence can be so easily transposed without causing ambiguity, as the adverbial. It may be placed at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of the sentence;

Adverbs modify a proposition. An adverbial element. Position of the adverb,