mode, present tense, third person, plural number, to agree with "heathen," according to Rule IV., a. In the same way parse "do imagine."

MODEL III. "Gold, silver, and copper abound in South America."

This is a partial compound sentence. The compound subject is "Gold, silver, and copper." The component parts are taken conjointly; the simple predicate is "abound," and is limited by "in South America," an adverbial element of the second class.

“Abound” is a regular intransitive verb, indicative mode, present tense, third person, plural number, to agree with its compound subject, according to Rule IV., b., or Rule XII.

2 Construct similar examples of your own.

3. Correct by (204, 1, a. b.) and the Cautions, the following examples, and be careful to avoid all similar errors:—

Where was you this morning when I called? He dare you to do it. They was unwilling to go. Relatives agrees with their antecedents. There's ten of us going. Was you certain of it? We was allowed the privilege. Circumstances alters cases. Has those books, been sent home? The committee has accepted their appointment. The majority was disposed to adopt the measure which they at first opposed. Blessed is the people that know the joyful sound. The fleet were seen sailing up the channel, where afterwards it anchored. The peasantry goes barefoot without endangering their health. The public is requested to attend for their own benefit. The church have no power to adopt the measure which it advocates. Thinks I to myself, I'll do it. Yes, says

I, we'll go together. O, dear me, says I, (as vulgarly contracted, “O, dear me, suz.") The derivation of these words are uncertain. The story, with all its additions, were believed. The increase of his resources render the change necessary. The number of applicants increase. The general, with all his soldiers, were taken. The sale of the goods take place to-morrow. The hope of retrieving his losses increase his diligence. I seen him when he done it. Some one has broke my pencil. Tell them to set still. She laid down by the fire. He soon begun to be weary of the employment. I am going to lay down. Mary has wrote a letter. I see him when he went. Ain't it true? We ain't going this evening. He has drank too much. The tree has fell. You have not did as I told you. John has stole the knife. They are going to our house next week. He give me a great many books. He knowed his lesson better than Henry. They had sang very well. I have lain your book on the shelf. Will you sit the pitcher on the table, and let it set there? The ship lays in the harbor. I done my sums first.

Models.

206. The Adjective as Modifier and as Predicate. RULE V. An adjective or participle must belong to some noun or pronoun; as, "The guilty man ;" "The man was guilty."

(a.) An adjective or participle used as the attribute of a proposition, belongs to the subject; as, "The tree is tall." "To see the sun is pleasant." "Where the funds will be obtained is doubtful."

(b.) An adjective or participle used to modify a noun, belongs to the noun which it modifies; as, "An upright judge."

good old man."

"Five boxes." "The

(c.) Adjectives denoting number, agree in number with the nouns they limit; as, "This book ;" "These trees;" "Ten men."

(d.) The limiting adjective (article) a or an, belongs to nouns in the singular number, except before few, hundred, or thousand; and the to nouns either singular or plural; as, "a man," ""an hour;" "the desk," "the pens," "a few men."

2. The appropriate use of the adjective is to restrict the application of a noun used as a common name applicable to each individual of a class. The adjective thus used is always a dependent term, having the restricted noun as its principal.

3. A noun may be restricted or limited in its application,

(1.) Without affecting any of its properties; as, "Two men.” books."

"These

(2.) By designating some property or quality; as, "Good men." "Industrious boys."

(3.) By identifying it; as, "Paul the Apostle." "Peter the Hermit." (4.) By representing it as an object possessed; as, "David's harp."

The first two limitations are effected by adjectives; the last two by nouns or pronouns performing the office of the adjective.

4. Any word, or group of words, employed to limit a noun, is an adjective element, that is, it is of the nature of an adjective; as, "Industrious men." "Men of industry." "Men who are industrious."

5. Limiting adjectives, when used in connection with qualifying, are generally placed first; as, "The old man." "This valuable hint." "Ten small trees." When two limiting adjectives are used, one of which is an article, the latter is usually placed first; as, "The ten commandments." But after many, such, all, what, and both, the article stands next to the noun; so, also, after adjectives preceded by too, so, as, or how; as, "Many a man." "Such a man." "All the boys." "What a boy." "Both the girls." "Too great, as great, so great, how great, a man.'

6. When two or more qualifying adjectives are joined to a noun to express different qualities of one object, the limiting adjective should not be repeated; as, "A red and white flag;" i. e., one flag having two colors. But when two or more such adjectives belong to a noun used to represent as many different

An adjective as an attribute, as a modifier. Adjectives denoting number. The articles a and the. Use of the adjective to limit a common noun. DifAdjective element. Two adjectives.

ferent ways of limiting.

objects as there are adjectives employed, the limiting adjective must be repeated; as, "We saw a black, a white, a red, and a gray horse;" i. e., four horses of different colors. So, when two objects have the same name, but are described by adjectives which cannot unite to modify either, the article should be repeated when the noun is in the singular number, but used only once when it is in the plural; as, "The first, the second, and the third regiment," or, "the first, second, and third regiments." "Neither the Old nor the New Testament." Not,-"Neither the Old nor New Testament."

7. Many, followed by a (an), though implying plurality, is followed by a noun in the singular; as, "Many a man" = Many men.

=

8. When two numerals precede a noun, one singular and the other plural, the plural should generally be placed next to the noun; as, "The first two lines," not, "The two first lines." In such expressions as, "Five yoke of oxen," "Ten head of cattle," "Fifty sail of vessels," the plural adjective belongs to a noun in the singular, but used collectively to convey the idea of plurality.

9. When objects are contrasted, that refers to the first, and this to the last mentioned; as, "Wealth and poverty are both temptations; that tends to excite pride, this discontent."

10. By a peculiar use, the-the, primarily articles, belonging to some noun understood, as part, are used with comparatives, to denote proportionate equality, and are to be regarded as conjunctive adverbs used to join two clauses; as, "The more I see it, the better I like it."

11. The adjective is often used as a noun, the noun to which it belongs being understood; as, "The good are respected." On the other hand, the noun is often used as an adjective; as, "Gold beads."

12. One adjective often limits the complex idea expressed by another adjective and a noun; as, "Two old horses." So, again, in combined numbers, and in some few other cases, one adjective limits another; as, " Five hundred thousand;" A bright red apple."

13. The predicate adjective following copulative verbs, generally denotes some property of the subject, either already possessed by it, or acquired through the action of the verb; as, "The boy was made sick." "The bread was baked brown." "The fruit tastes sweet."

14. A participle belonging to the subject is often used somewhat adverbially to express an accompanying action. Although it does not show the manner of the action, it shows how, or with what it is accompanied; as, "The Son of Man came eating and drinking." See (249, 5).

15. When two objects, or sets of objects, are compared, the comparative degree is generally used; as, "George is taller than William, or is the taller of the two." "Our oranges are sweeter than yours."

16. When more than two objects are compared, the superlative degree is used; as, "Achilles was the bravest of the Greeks."

17. When the comparative degree is used, the latter term should always

Two numerals. This and that. The the. Adjective used as a noun. An adjective joined to an adjective. The predicate adjective after copulative verbs. Use of comparatives and superlatives.

exclude the former; as, "New York is larger than any other city of the United States." "He was wiser than his brothers." But when the superlative is used, the latter term should always include the former; as, Rhode Island is the smallest of the United States."

18. Each, one, either, and neither belong to nouns in the third person singular. Hence, when used as nouns, verbs and pronouns should agree with them accordingly; as, "Each of his brothers is (not are) well." Either and neither have reference to two things only; each, every, and any, to more than two. All refers to the individuals of a whole taken collectively; while each, every, and any refer to them when taken distributively. The following sentence is wrong, because the individuals should be taken collectively; "Every term in the series is alike,"-Say, "All the terms are alike."

19. An adjective after the participle or infinitive of the copula is sometimes used abstractly, referring, it may be, logically (but not grammatically) to some indefinite object; as, "To be good is to be happy."

20. An adjective may belong to an adverb, to a phrase, or a clause used as a noun; as, "This once." Here" once" is equivalent to "one time." "To deceive is criminal." "That youth and vigor must pass away is undeniable." 21. The reciprocal each other, should be applied to two objects; one another to more than two; as, "Righteousness and peace have kissed each other,”-not, "one another." "These various tribes have been at war with one

another."

CAUTION I.

Never use A before the sound of a vowel, nor AN before the sound of a consonant. Say, An apple, not a apple.

CAUTION II. Avoid the use of a plural adjective to limit a singular noun. Say, This sort of people, not those sort.

CAUTION III. Avoid the vulgar use of THEM for THOSE, and THIS HERE or THAT 'ERE, for THIS or THAT. Say, Those books, not them books-this

chair, not this 'ere chair.

CAUTION IV.

Avoid the use of the adjective for the adverb. Say, Speak

promptly, not prompt.

Say, The

CAUTION V. Avoid the use of the superlative degree when two objects are compared, or the comparative when more than two are compared. wiser of the two,-not the wisest of the two.

CAUTION VI. Avoid the use of double comparatives and superlatives. Say, This is the unkindest cut of all,-not the most unkindest cut of all

CAUTION VII. merely as a word.

CAUTION VIII.

Avoid the use of the article before a title or name used
Say, He is called captain, not the captain.

Avoid the use of the article before the second noun, when the same object is compared in two different capacities. Say, He is a better teacher than poet, not, than a poet.

Each, every, &c. Adjectives used abstractly. Adjectives belong to adverbs. Each other and one another. Cautions.

207. Exercise.

1. Analyze the following examples and parse the adjectives :

The yellow sun-flower by the brook, in autumn beauty stood. Life is real, life is earnest. The influence of such pursuits is ennobling. He was a good man, and a just. He was a burning and a shining light. These opportunities, improved as they should be, must produce the desired results. The hopes of the whole family were centred on him. His resources were inexhaustible. To insult the afflicted is impious. Pity the sorrows of a poor old man, whose trembling limbs have borne him to your door. That he should refuse such a proposition, was not unexpected. Every thing which is false, vicious, or unworthy, is despicable to him, though all the world should approve it.

MODEL. "The sky was clear, and the immense vault of the heavens appeared in awful majesty and grandeur."—Brydone.

This is a compound declarative sentence, consisting of two coördinate parts; the first, "The sky was clear;" the second, "the immense vault, &c.," to the end.

The first part is a simple sentence, having "sky" for its subject, and was clear" for its predicate; the subject is limited by "the," a simple adjective element of the first class.

The second part is a partial compound, and is joined to the first by the coördinate conjunction "and." The simple subject is "vault," limited by "the," "immense," and "of the heavens;" the first two, simple adjective elements of the first class, -the second, a complex objective element of the second class.

The simple predicate is "appeared," and is limited by the phrase "in awful majesty and grandeur;" this is a compound adverbial element of the second class, or, what is the same, an element with a compound object, limited by the simple adjective element "awful;" "in" is the connective, and "majesty and grandeur" the compound object.

"The" is a limiting adjective (definite article), and belongs to "sky," according to Rule V., or Rule V., 1, d.

"Clear" is a qualifying adjective, and is used as the attribute of the proposition, and belongs to the subject "sky," according to Rule V., 1, a. "Immense" is a qualifying adjective, and is used to modify "vault," to which it belongs, according to Rule V., 1, b.

2. Construct examples of your own to illustrate the various uses of the adjective.

3. Correct the following examples by the Cautions:

He found a acorn in the woods. He was a honorable man.

It is an

Model.