20. The relative that is always restrictive, and should be used,

(1.) After the interrogative who; as, "Who that marks the fire still sparkling in each eye," &c.

(2.) After an adjective in the superlative degree; as, "He was the last that left."

(3.) After very, all, same; as, "This is the very book that I want." "Is not this all that you ask?" "He is the same person that I took him to be." (4.) When the relative refers to an antecedent denoting both persons and things; as, "Here are the persons and papers that were sent for."

21. Instead of in which, by which, of which, &c., the equivalent relative adverbs where, when, whereby, whereof, &c., are used, like the pronoun, to join an adjective clause to its antecedent; as, "We discovered the place where the goods had been concealed."

CAUTION I. Avoid the use of a noun and pronoun as subject or object of the same verb, unless great emphasis is required. Say, "The boy did it,”not, "the boy, he did it."

CAUTION II. Avoid the use of a plural pronoun having a singular antecedent. Say, Let every one attend to his (not their) work."

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CAUTION III. In the use of a pronoun, avoid ambiguity in its reference to an antecedent.

CAUTION IV. In arranging nouns or pronouns of different persons, a pronoun of the second, should be placed before one of the first; as, "You and I," not, "I and you;" a noun of the third, before a pronoun of the first or second; as, George and I," " George and you,” “ George, and you, and I," not, "I and George," "You and George," or, "I, and you, and George."

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CAUTION V. Avoid the use of who, when speaking of animals and inanimate objects, and of which, when speaking of persons. Say, "The cat which mews," not who mews.

CAUTION VI. Avoid a change of number, or a change of pronouns, when reference is made to the same antecedent in the same sentence. Say, "I know you, and I love you too," not, "I know thee and I love you too."

CAUTION VII. A pronoun relating to an antecedent consisting of coördinate terms of different persons or genders, should agree with the first person rather than the second or third, and with the second rather than the third, and with the masculine gender rather than the feminine. Say, You and Charles are learning your lesson,-not, their lesson. "If a man smite

the eye of his servant, or the eye of his maid, that it perish, he shall let him (not her, nor them) go free for his eye's sake."-Bible.

The relative that, when it should be used. In which, by which, &c. Cautions.

203. Exercise.

I. Analyze the sentences, and parse the pronouns, in the following examples:— Ye, therefore, who love mercy, teach your sons to love it too. Other sheep I have, which are not of this fold. This is the friend of whom I spoke. He who had no mercy upon others, is now reduced to a condition which may excite the pity of his most implacable enemy. At sea, everything that breaks the monotony of the surrounding expanse, attracts attention. That life is long which answers life's great end. He is the friend whose arrival is daily expected. The board of health have published their report. The committee, who were divided in opinion, will discuss the question more fully at their next meeting. It is the undaunted bravery, and the wild impetuosity of the Zouaves, that render their charges so formidable. All this took place when the vice and ignorance which the old tyranny had generated, threatened the new freedom with destruction. One or the other must relinquish his claim. Either Jane or Julia will perform her task.

MODEL I. "Hastings advanced to the bar and bent his knee." -Macaulay.

.

"Hastings" is

This declarative sentence is a partial compound. the subject, and needs no limitation to point out the individual; "advanced to the bar and bent his knee," is the compound predicate. Changed to a complete compound, it would be, “Hastings advanced to the bar and he bent his knee." The component parts are joined by the simple coördinate conjunction and, which unites the parts without emphasis. The first component part is "advanced to the bar;" "advanced” is limited by the phrase "to the bar," an adverbial element of place, of the second class, used to show to what place he advanced. The second component part is "bent his knee;" "bent" is limited by "his knee," a complex objective element, first class, of which "knee" is the principal element, and is limited by "his," an adjective element used to show whose knee was bent.

His is a personal pronoun, of the third person, singular number, masculine gender, according to Rule III. (Repeat it); of the possessive case, limiting "knee." Rule VII.

MODEL II.

"Thus urged the chief; a generous troop appears,

Who spread their bucklers, and advance their spears."—Pope. Let the learner analyze this compound sentence, and parse their as in the preceding model, giving as a rule (201, 1, a.).

Who is a relative pronoun; as a pronoun it has troop for its antece

Models.

dent, a collective noun in the singular denoting plurality, and is of the third person, plural number, masculine gender by (201, 1, a.) and in the nominative case by Rule I. Observe that troop first denotes unity, since appears is singular; and then it denotes plurality, as shown by who and their.

MODEL III. "I wish, after all I have said about wit and humor, I could satisfy myself of their good effects upon the character and disposition."-Sidney Smith.

This is a complex declarative sentence, of which I is the subject and wish the predicate of the principal clause. Let the learner point out all the modifications of the predicate, and parse the pronouns.

"Their" is a personal pronoun, of the third person, plural number, neuter gender, and agrees with its antecedent "wit and humor," whose coördinate terms are taken conjointly by (201, 1, b., or Rule XII.) and is in the possessive case by Rule VII.

2. Construct, analyze, and parse examples of your own, containing the different pronouns in their several constructions.

3. Correct by (201, 1, a. b) and the several Cautions, the following examples, and avoid all similar errors yourself:

The committee were unanimous in its action. The army was badly cut up, but made good their retreat. Let every chair, every book, and every slate be put in their places. Peace and happiness are by no means granted to the rich alone; yet it is supposed by many to depend upon wealth. The president or secretary will favor us with their presence. Many words they darken speech. That girl-she is very ignorant. The king—he is very angry. The teacher approving the plan, he immediately adopted it. Whom when they had washed, they laid her in an upper chamber. What he said, he is now sorry for it. Let each scholar who thinks so raise their hands. A person can content themselves on small means. Let every one answer for themselves. Rebecca took goodly raiment, and put them upon Jacob. Can any one be sure that they are not deceived? Thou hast no right to be a judge, who art a party concerned. A hawk caught a hen, and eat her in her own nest. A purse was lost in the street, which contained a large sum of money. There are millions of people in the empire of China whose support is derived almost entirely from rice. I and you may go, if I and he can agree. I, and you, and Harriet are going. Father said, that I and Henry should stay at home. Horace, and I, and you are invited. There was a certain householder which planted a vineyard. He has a soul who cannot be influenced by such motives. This is the dog whom my father bought. The lady which we saw was highly educated. He has

Models.

some friends which I am acquainted with. The judge which pronounced the sentence was an upright man. Those which desire to be happy should be careful to do that which is right. Though thou art wise, you sometimes misjudge. Do thyself no harm, and no one will harm you. This is the man who discovered our distress, and that brought us relief. I know you, whom thou art that annoyest me at thy gate. O thou who art all-wise, and that rulest over all! I labored long to make thee happy, and now you reward me by ingratitude. Let no boy or girl drop her pencil. James and you must attend to his studies.

204. The Verb as Predicate.

1. RULE IV. The verb must agree with its subject in person and number; as, “I am ;” “Thou art sitting ;" "We have come."

(a.) A verb agreeing with a collective noun in the singular is put in the singular, when the noun denotes unity, but in the plural when it denotes plurality; as, "A detachment of two thousand men was sent to support the left wing;" "The council were divided in their opinion."

(b.) A verb agreeing with a subject consisting of coördinate terms, is singular or plural according to Rule XII. (See also 220, 1, a. b. c.)

2. To the general rule that the verb must agree in number and person with any subject, according as it denotes unity or plurality of idea, there are properly no exceptions. In the following examples, "Ten head of cattle were feeding;""Five yoke of oxen were ploughing;" "Fifty sail of vessels were seen,”—the rule (202, 1, a.) is properly applicable. So in case of the apparent exception, in which the title of a book is plural, the mind is fixed upon the treatise itself as one thing; thus, 'Wayland's Elements of Political Economy was published in 1837." Here, "Elements of Political Economy," is the same as "Treatise upon the Elements, &c." So, again, a phrase or clause (198, 1, a.) used as a subject, is to be regarded as one thing, requiring the verb to be in the third person singular. But when a phrase expressive of a combination of numbers is regarded as denoting separate units, rather than a single number, the verb should be plural; as, "Three times three are nine." 3. The nominative and verb after many a (an) should be in the singular number; as, "Full many a flower is born to blush unseen."

4. The subject of verbs in the imperative mode is thou, or ye or you, and is usually omitted; as, "Come [ye]." Go [thou]." The subject is often to be supplied after comparisons with than or as; as, "John has more fruit than that which] can be gathered in a week;" "It is as broad as [it is]

[what

long."

=

5. In such inverted interrogative sentences as Who am I? Who is he? Who are you? What am I? Who art thou? Is it I? Is it he? Is it thou? care should

The agreement of the verb,-with a collective noun-with coördinate terms. Apparent exceptions. Many a. Subject omitted. Subject and attribute in inverted interrogative sentences.

be taken to distinguish the attribute from the subject, which alone controls the person and number of the verb.

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CAUTION I. Avoid all such ungrammatical expressions as, Says I;" "Thinks I;" "Thinks says I;" "I hears him," &c.

CAUTION II. Never use a plural verb with a singular subject, though the latter be modified by a noun in the plural. Say, "Each of his brothers is (not are) well."

CAUTION III. Be careful not to use the WRONG VERB, as, set for sit, lay for lie, come for go; or the WRONG FORM, as, done for did, wrote for written, &c.; or the WRONG TENSE, as, see for saw, give for gave; or IMPROPER CONTRACTIONS, as, ain't for are not, &c.

205. Exercise.

1. Analyze and parse the following examples :—

The Connecticut river was first explored, as far as Hartford, by Adrian Block. The sun was setting upon one of the rich, glassy glades of the forest. Those who have ever witnessed the spectacle of the launching of a ship of the line, will perhaps forgive me for adding this to the examples of the sublime objects of artificial life. Ferdinand and Isabella were seated, with their son, Prince John, under a superb canopy. The nobility were haughty and exacting. The people take the matter into their own hands. Society is not always answerable for the conduct of its members.

MODEL I. "After a brief interval, the sovereigns requested of Columbus a recital of his adventures."-Prescott.

This simple declarative sentence has "sovereigns" for its grammatical subject, and "requested" for its grammatical predicate. "Sovereigns," the subject, is limited by "the;" "requested," the predicate, is limited, first, by the direct object, "a recital of his adventures," and secondly, by the indirect object, "of Columbus." It is further limited by the adverbial element, "after a brief interval."

"Requested" is a regular transitive verb; principal parts (pres. request, past, requested, past participle, requested) indicative mode, past tense, third person, plural number, to agree with "sovereigns," according to Rule IV. (Repeat it.)

MODEL II. "Why do the heathen rage, and the people imagine a vain thing?"—Bible.

This is a compound interrogative sentence, consisting of two coördinate clauses joined by "and." Analyze them separately.

"Do rage" is a regular intransitive verb, emphatic form, indicative

Cautions. Models.