(6.) That the philosopher might also despise a dinner of herbs,
(7.) Who could enjoy the company of a king.

The first is the principal clause, and the others are subordinate.
Cynic is the subject of the principal clause.

Was replied to is the predicate.

The subject, Cynic, is limited by "who twitted Aristippus by observing," &c., a complex adjective element of the third class; "who" is the connective and subject, "twitted" is the predicate, and is limited, first, by "Aristippus," a simple objective element of the first class, and also by "by observing that the philosopher might despise the company of a king," a complex adverbial element of the second class; "by observing" is the basis, "by" is the connective, and "observing" is the object; "observing" is limited by "that the philosopher might despise the company of a king," a complex objective element of the third class, of which "that" is the connective; "philosopher" is the subject, and is limited by "who could dine on herbs," an adjective element of the third class; "might despise" is the predicate, and is limited by "the company of a king," a complex objective element of the first class.

"re

The predicate, was replied to, is limited, first, by "well," a simple adverbial element of the first class, and by "by Aristippus," an adverbial element of the second class, and also by the clause "when he remarked, that the philosopher," &c., a complex adverbial element of the third class, of which "when" is the connective, "he" is the subject, and "remarked" is the predicate; marked" is limited by "that the philosopher," &c., a complex objective element of the third class, of which "that" is the connective, "philosopher" is the subject," the philosopher who could enjoy the company of a king," is the logical subject, "might despise" is the predicate, and "might also despise a dinner of herbs" is the logical predicate; the subject, "philosopher," is limited by the clause "who could enjoy the company of a king," a complex adjective element of the third class, of which "who" is the connective and subject, "could enjoy" is the predicate, and is limited by "the company of a king,” a complex objective element of the first class; the predicate " might despise" is limited by "a dinner of herbs," a complex objective element of the first class, of which "dinner" is the basis, and is limited by "of herbs," a simple adjective element of the second class.

10. "A ship gliding over the waves, is a beautiful object."

This is a simple sentence, or, more properly, a contracted complex.
Ship is the simple, and

A ship gliding over the waves is the complex subject.

Is object is the simple, and

Is a beautiful object is the complex predicate.

The subject, ship, is limited by "gliding over the waves," a complex adjective element of the first class; it is equivalent to "which glides over the waves," and is therefore an abridged proposition, obtained by dropping the subject and connective "which," and changing "glides," the predicate, into the participle "gliding."

Object is limited by "a" and "beautiful."

Models.

11. Socrates and Plato were distinguished philosophers."

It is a partial or contracted compound sentence.

Socrates and Plato form the compound subject, because they are united by "and," and have a common predicate, "were philosophers."

The subject is not limited.

The predicate is limited by "distinguished," an adjective element of the first class, used to describe "philosophers."

And is a coördinate conjunction, and connects the two simple subjects, according to Rule XI.

12. “If men praise your effcrts, suspect their judgment; if they censure them, your own."

It is a compound sentence, consisting of two coördinate parts; each part consisting of a principal and a subordinate clause.

The natural order would be, "Suspect the judgment of men, if they praise your efforts; your own, if they censure them."

There is an ellipsis of the principal clause in the second part; this, if supplied, would be, "If they censure them, suspect your own judgment."

In the first part, "suspect their judgment" is the principal clause, and, "if men praise your efforts" the subordinate. In the second part, after the ellipsis is supplied, "suspect your own judgment" is the principal clause, and "if they censure them" is the subordinate. "You" (understood) is the subject of the principal clause in the first part, "suspect" is the predicate; it is limited, first, by their judgment," a complex objective element of the first class, used to answer the question "What?" and also by "if men praise your efforts," an adverbial element of the third class, denoting condition. (Analyze according to the model.)

66

"You" (understood) is the subject of the principal clause in the second part; "suspect" is the predicate; it is limited by "your own judgment," a complex objective element of the first class, and also by "if they censure them," an adverbial element of the third class, denoting condition, &c.

The two coördinate parts of the sentence are connected by the adversative conjunction" but” understood, which denotes opposition or contrast.

196. Exercise.

Analyze the following sentences according to the models:

A noble income, nobly expended, is no common sight.

Human foresight often leaves its proudest possessor only a choice of evils.

Applause is the spur of noble minds; the end and aim of weak ones. Grant graciously what you cannot refuse safely.

Most men know what they hate; few what they love.

He who openly tells his friends all that he thinks of them, must expect that they will secretly tell his enemies much that they do not think of him.

Models.

That nations sympathize with their monarch's glory, that they are improved by his virtues, and that the tone of morals rises high when he that leads the band is perfect, are truths admitted with exultation, and felt with honest pride.

Highly elated by his unexpected good fortune, he returned home. Saving carefully the fruits of his labor, he at length was able to purchase a farm.

A pretended patriot, he impoverished his country.

SYNTAX OF WORDS.

197. Rules for Construction.

RULE I. A noun or pronoun used as the subject of a proposition, must be in the nominative case.

RULE II. A noun or pronoun used as the attribute of a proposition, must be in the nominative case.

RULE III. A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in per. son, number, and gender.

RULE IV. The verb must agree with its subject in person and number.

RULE V. An adjective or participle must belong to some noun or pronoun.

RULE VI. A noun or pronoun used to explain or identify another noun or pronoun, is put by apposition in the same case. RULE VII. A noun or pronoun used to limit another noun by denoting possession, must be in the possessive case.

RULE VIII. A noun or pronoun used as the object of a transitive verb, or its participles, must be in the objective case.

RULE IX. Adverbs are used to limit verbs, participles, adjectives, and other adverbs.

RULE X. The nominative case independent, and the interjection, have no grammatical relation to the other parts of the sen

tence.

RULE XI. Coördinate conjunctions are used to connect similar elements.

Rules,-Subject, Attribute, Pronoun, Verb, Adjective, Noun in apposition, -in the possessive-in the objective,-Adverbs, Case independent, Interjections, Coördinate conjunctions.

RULE XII. When a verb or pronoun relates to two or more nouns connected by a coördinate conjunction,—

(1.) If it agrees with them taken conjointly, it must be in the plural number.

(2.) But if it agrees with them taken separately, it must be of the same number as that which stands next to it.

(3.) If it agrees with one, and not the other, it must take the number of that one.

RULE XIII. A preposition is used to show the relation of its object to the word on which the latter depends.

RULE XIV. A noun or pronoun used as the object of a preposition must be in the objective case.

RULE XV. Subordinate connectives are used to join dissimilar elements.

RULE XVI. The infinitive has the construction of the noun, with the signification and limitations of the verb, and, when dependent, is governed by the word which it limits.

and

RULE XVII. Participles have the construction of adjectives nouns, and are limited like verbs.

RULES, CAUTIONS, AND REMARKS.

198. The Subject.

1. RULE I. A noun or pronoun used as the subject of a proposition must be in the nominative case; as, "Caesar conquered Gaul;" "I have found a man who can teach all that is necessary to be known."

(a.) A letter, symbol, phrase, or clause, when used as the subject, must be considered as a noun in the nominative singular; as, "A is a vowel;" " is the sign of addition;" "To steal is base;" "That you have wronged me doth appear in this."

(b.) A noun or pronoun, as the subject of an abridged proposition, is in the nominative absolute with a participle (216, 2), when its case depends upon no other word; but in the objective with an infinitive when its case depends upon a verb or a preposition; as, "Shame being lost, all virtue

Rules,-Nouns joined by Coördinate conjunctions. Prepositions, Object of a preposition, Subordinate connectives, Infinitives, Participles. The subject nominative. A letter, symbol, &c. Nominative absolute.

is lost;""They requested him to leave;" "For you to be released, and for me to be burdened, is obviously unjust."

2. A noun or pronoun may be in the nominative, though not the subject, (1.) when used in the predicate (200, 1); (2.) when in apposition with the subject, or the predicate nominative (208, 1; (3.) when used to denote the person addressed (214); (4.) when used in a mere exclamation (214); (5.) when used in certain cases as subject or predicate in abridged propositions (200, b.). 3. In the imperative mode, the subject is always a pronoun of the second person, even when the compellative (157, 3) is expressed, and is usually omitted; as, "Son, arise;" "Go, my friend." It is also often omitted after but, when, while, if, and though; also after comparisons made by as, and than ; as, "We shall go, if [it is] possible ;" "Though poor, luxurious; though submissive, vain ;" "There is no heart but [what, or it] must feel them;" "The disaffection was spread far wider than was supposed."

4. The subject is commonly placed before the predicate, but in the imperative mode, in direct questions, in exclamatory sentences, in suppositions without a connective, in sentences arranged for rhetorical effect, in sentences introduced by the expletives "there" and "it," and in the governing clause of a direct quotation (170, 1), either the verb or its auxiliary precedes the subject; as, "Go ye into all the world, and preach [ye] the gospel to every creature;" "Doth my father yet live?" "How is the great fallen!" "Were I not Alexander, I would be Diogenes;" "Great is Diana of the Ephesians;" "Because there was much water there." "It is natural to man," said Patrick Henry, "to indulge in the illusions of hope."

5. When the subject of a sentence is a phrase or a clause, the most common arrangement is to place the subject after the predicate (4.) and fill its vacant place by the expletive "it," a word adapted to this idiom, but not necessary to the construction. When the subject is before the predicate, the expletive should not be used. The following sentence, therefore, is wrong," That the soul be without knowledge, it is not good." The following sentences are faulty for want of the expletive, because which, the object of the infinitive subject, is erroneously made subject of the following verb. "Why do ye that which [it] is not lawful to do on the sabbath days?" "We have done that which [it] was our duty to do."

6. The object of the verb in the active voice, becomes its subject in the passive voice; as, "John granted the Magna Charta" "The Magna Charta was granted by John."

=

CAUTION I. Never use the objective as the subject of a finite verb. Say, I did it, not Me did it.

NOTE. This caution should be specially heeded in the construction of subjects consisting of a personal pronoun used jointly with a noun or other pronoun, in the use of the relative and interrogative pronouns, in the use of a noun or pronoun as a term of comparison after than or as, and in the answers to questions. See examples (199, 3).

The nominative not always subject. Subject understood. Subject after the predicate. Subject and object with the active, or passive voice.