"occupied" the predicate (150, 3, 4). To the subject is added "the" to show that the writer had in mind some specific bill; also "regency" to show what specific bill was meant. To the predicate is added "the Upper House' to show which branch of parliament it occupied; also "in 1789," which is inverted (186, 5), and comes, in the natural order, after "the Upper House." It is added to show in what year the event occurred; and finally, the expression "till the session was far advanced," is added to show how long the bill occupied the House; and as this last expression is a proposition, the sentence is complex. It may be exhibited thus:

No. (2) is also a declarative sentence. The simple assertion is, "Circuits were beginning." It may be exhibited thus:

The-CIRCUITS—WERE BEGINNING—when the king recovered.

Here the last element is placed in its natural position, and as it is a proposition, the sentence is complex. Let the learner explain the use of each element as in No. 1.

No. (3.) contains three independent assertions, each declarative, and the whole forming a compound sentence. The component parts are,(a.) The judges left town;

(b.) The lords waited for the return of the oracles of jurisprudence; (c.) And the consequence was, that during the whole year, only seventeen days were given to the case of Hastings.

The first and second parts are simple sentences, joined by "and" understood, and standing thus ::

The-JUDGES-LEFT-town.

The—LORDS—WAITED—for the return of the oracles of jurisprudence. The third part is a complex sentence, connected to the preceding by "and," and is thus exhibited :

The-CONSEQUENCE-WAS, THAT-&c., to the end.

194. Directions for the Analysis of Elements.

NOTE. This analysis gives the office and relation of all the subordinate ideas, and of all the words in the sentence; that in 193 gives the relation of all the prominent ideas.

1. Resolve the sentence as in 193; and then, regarding each part as an element, classify it as in (158, 2, 3, &c.).

2. If any element contains but one word, it is completely reduced, and may then be parsed (191, 3).

Directions for analyzing elements.

3. If an element containing more than one word is simple (167, 168) it must be a phrase or a clause, and is to be still further analyzed by pointing out

(a.) The connective, showing what part it joins.

(b.) The part which expresses the idea,—in case of the phrase, the object; in case of the clause, the subject and predicate.

4. If an element is complex or compound, reduce it to its simple elements, and then proceed as in 2 or 3 above.

5. In case of a complex element, point out and dispose of the principal element or basis (172, 4, 5); then each of the others in the order of their rank (159).

6. In case of a compound element, separate it into its component simple elements, point out and classify the coördinate conjunction which joins them, and then dispose of each as in 2 or 3 above.

7. Thus the sentence is reduced by simple and methodical steps to the parts of speech which enter into it. These all, or a part, may now be parsed in the order of their rank in construction, or in any other order.

195. Models for the Analysis of Sentences and their Elements.

NOTE. In these examples, the learner is expected to point out the subject and the predicate, and, if necessary, reduce each to the single words which compose it; next, each of the additions to the subject, reducing it as directed in (194, 3) above, and then each addition to the predicate.

1. "George writes."

It is a simple sentence, because it contains but one proposition; declarative, because it declares something; George is the subject, because it is that of which the action "writes" is affirmed; writes is the predicate, because it is that which is affirmed of "George."

It may be exhibited thus:

GEORGE WRITES.

2. "The summer shower falls gently."

It is a simple sentence, because it contains but one proposition; declarative, because it declares something; shower is the simple or grammatical subject; it is simply that of which something is affirmed; falls is the simple or grammatical predicate, because it is that which is affirmed of "showers." The subject is limited by summer, a simple adjective element of the first class; adjective, because it is used to limit a noun; of the first class, because it is a single word joined directly to the subject, without a connective; it limits by answering the question "What kind of?" it excludes the idea of all showers falling at any other time than summer; it is a simple element, because nothing is added to it. The subject is also limited by the, a simple adjective element of the first class; it limits by showing that some particular shower is meant.

Models.

The summer shower is the complex or logical subject, because it is the grammatical subject with all its limitations. The predicate is limited by gently, a simple adverbial element of the first class; it is adverbial, because it is added to a verb; it denotes manner; of the first class, because it is a single word joined directly to the predicate without a connective; it limits by answering the question " How?" it excludes the idea of all showers which do not fall gently; it is simple, because nothing is added to it; falls gently is the complex or logical predicate, because it is the grammatical predicate with all its limitations.

It stands thus:

(1.) The
(2.) summer

}

SHOWER-FALLS-gently.

NOTE. The same proposition may be analyzed briefly in the following

manner :

It is a simple declarative sentence; the summer shower is the logical subject; shower is the grammatical subject; it is limited by the two simple adjective elements of the first class, the and summer; falls gently is the logical predicate; falls is the grammatical predicate, and is limited by a simple adverbial element of the first class, gently.

NOTE. When the subject or predicate is not modified, the logical subject or predicate is the same as the grammatical. But it is not necessary to make any distinction in such cases; simply say, subject or predicate.

3. "A very high hill overlooks an extensive valley."

It is a simple declarative sentence (why ?);

Hill is the simple subject (why?); A very high hill is the complex subject (why?);

Overlooks is the simple predicate (why ?); Overlooks an extensive valley is the complex predicate (why?);

Hill is limited by a, a simple adjective element of the first class, and by very high, a complex adjective element of the first class, showing what kind of hill; adjective, because it limits a noun; complex, because the simple element high is itself limited by very, a simple adverbial element of the first class; of the first class, because the basis high is a single word joined without a connective to hill.

Overlooks is limited by an extensive valley, a complex objective element of the first class, showing what it overlooks; valley is the basis or principal part of the objective element, and is limited by an and extensive, simple adjective elements of the first class. (Why?)

It is exhibited thus:

(1.) A

(2.) very high}

4. To steal is base."

HILL-OVERLOOKS-an extensive valley.

It is a simple declarative sentence.

To steal is the subject (why?). It is an element of the second class, since it has one word (steal) to express an idea, and another (to) to represent its relation.

Models.

Is base is the predicate (why ?). It is of the second class, having the attribute base to express the predicate idea, and is, the copula, to represent its relation (predicate relation).

NOTE. This thorough and minute method of analysis should be often resorted to, for the purpose of giving the learner accurate ideas of the elements and their relations. When these are understood, the general (193) and brief method should be followed.

5. "Who was the author of Junius's Letters has never been satisfactorily determined.”

It is a complex declarative sentence; complex, because it contains a principal and a subordinate proposition; declarative, because it expresses a declaration. The entire sentence (since the subject is the subordinate clause) is the principal proposition, and the subject of the sentence, namely, "Who was the author of Junius's Letters," is the subordinate substantive proposition, "Who was author," is the simple, and "Who was the author of Junius's Letters," the complex subject.

Has been determined is the simple, and has never been satisfactorily determined is the logical predicate. Has been determined is modified by never and satisfactorily (describe them).

Who is both the subject and connective of the subordinate clause; as connective, it is subordinate, but as a subject cannot depend on any superior term, there is nothing to which the subordinate clause can be joined; hence who is here a connective without an antecedent term. As a pronoun, it is an interrogative used in a subordinate clause (78, 4), and hence has no definite antecedent.

Was author the simple, and was the author of Junius's Letters is the complex predicate; author is limited by the and by of Junius's Letters.

6. "A man who finds not satisfaction in himself, seeks for it in vain elsewhere."

Thus :

(1.) A

(2.) who finds Lot satisfaction in himself

MAN SEEKS

(1.) for it
(2.) in vain
(3.) elsewhere.

It is a complex sentence, because it contains two dissimilar clauses. "A man seeks for it in vain elsewhere" is the principal, and "who finds not satisfaction in himself," is the subordinate adjective clause.

Man is the subject of the principal clause.

Seel's is the predicate.

The subject is limited by "a," also by the adjective clause, " who finds not satisfaction in himself," which describes "man."

The complex subject is "A man who finds not satisfaction in himself." The predicate is limited by "for it," "in vain," and "elsewhere."

Models.
M

The complex predicate is, "sceks for it in vain elsewhere."

Who is the subject of the adjective clause.

Finds is the predicate.

The predicate is limited, first, by "not;" secondly, by "satisfaction ;" and thirdly, by "in himself."

Who is a relative pronoun, of the third person, singular number, masculine gender, according to Rule V.; it is the subject of the proposition, "who finds," &c., according to Rule I., and connects this proposition with "man," the subject of the principal clause, according to Rule XV.

7. "When the wicked are multiplied, transgression increaseth."

Thus :

TRANSGRESSION INCREASETH-when the wicked are multiplied.

It is a complex sentence. (Why?) "Transgression increaseth" is the principal, and "when the wicked are multiplied," the subordinate clause. Transgression is the subject of the principal clause.

Increaseth is the predicate.

The predicate is limited by "when the wicked are multiplied," an adverbial clause denoting time. (See Rule IX.) The complex predicate is, “increaseth when the wicked are multiplied."

Wicked is the subject of the subordinate clause.

Are multiplied is the predicate.

When is a subordinate connective (conjunctive adverb of time), and joins the adverbial clause, which it introduces, to the predicate of the principal clause, according to Rule XV. It limits "are multiplied" and "increaseth," according to Rule IX.

8. "Whatever is, is right."

It is a complex sentence. "Whatever (as antecedent) is right," is the principal clause, and "whatever (as relative) is," is the subordinate clause. "Whatever" anything is the subject of the principal clause, and "is right" is the predicate. The subject "whatever" anything, is limited by the subordinate clause "whatever is": = that is, of which "whatever" is the subject, and "is" is the predicate. The whole being equivalent to "Anything that is, is right."

=

9. "The Cynic who twitted Aristippus, by observing that the philosopher who could dine on herbs might despise the company of a king, was well replied to by Aristippus, when he remarked, that the philosopher who could enjoy the company of a king might also despise a dinner of herbs."

This is a complex sentence, containing seven clauses, one principal, and six subordinate.

(1.) The Cynic was well replied to by Aristippus,

(2.) Who twitted Aristippus by observing,

(3.) That the philosopher might despise the company of a king,

(4.) Who could dine on herbs,

(5.) When he remarked,

Models.