=

should please us" We should be pleased with whatever is agreeable to the will of our heavenly Father.

4. Without altering the grammatical construction :

:

(a.) A compound sentence may be contracted by an ellipsis of a common part to a partial compound sentence; as, "Bacon was a distinguished writer, Shakspeare was a distinguished writer, and Butler was a distinguished writer Bacon, Shakspeare, and Butler were distinguished writers.

(b.) Any contracted compound sentence, by supplying the ellipsis, may be changed to a complete compound; as, "The king and queen were absent" The king was absent, and the queen was absent.

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5. ELEMENTS TRANSPOSED. The arrangement of the elements is the position which they take in the sentence.

(a.) There are two kinds of arrangement; the natural or grammatical, and the inverted or transposed.

(b.) In a proposition, by the natural order, the subject is placed before the predicate; the adjective element is placed before the noun when of the first class, but after the noun when of the second or third; the objective element is placed after the verb which governs it; and the adverbial element commonly follows the objective element; as, "The good boy studied his geography attentively." "The kingdom of Sardinia is situated in the south of Europe."

(c.) An element is transposed whenever it is placed out of its natural order; "Great is Diana of the Ephesians." "Copernicus these wonders told." "Wisely were his efforts directed."

as,

(d.) When the verb "to be" predicates existence, the subject is not only transposed, but its place is supplied by the expletive "there" (134, 11). So, when a phrase or clause as subject is transposed, its place is supplied by "it" used as an expletive (70, 4).

187. Exercise.

1. Use the active for the passive, and the passive for the active, in the following examples, supplying the agent where omitted:

Wellington is buried in Westminster Abbey. Not a drum was heard, nor a funeral note. Energy of purpose awakens powers before unknown. Can honor's voice provoke the silent dust? Three of your armies, O Romans, have been slaughtered by Mark Antony. I give my hand and my heart to this vote.

2. In the following, change any element of the first class, to the second; and the reverse:

A marble statue was placed in the grove. Achilles was a Grecian hero. The siege of Troy lasted ten years. In dreams, his song of triumph [he] heard. Strike the golden lyre again. Last came joy's ecstatic trial.

A compound may be changed to a partial compound. Natural and inverted arrangement. An element transposed.

3. Change the following complex sentences to simple or contracted, complex sentences, by abridging the subordinate clauses :

A man who is deceitful can never be trusted. When the orator had finished, the assembly retired. Heard ye the whisper of the breeze, as soft it murmured by? He declares that she is a slave of his. This is the man who deserves commendation. He went to Egypt that he might see the pyramids.

4. Expand the italicized elements into clauses :-
·-

The crocuses, blooming in the garden, attracted the bees. Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, conquered the Romans in four battles. told him to leave.

We

Cæsar should have perished on the brink of the Ru

bicon before attempting to cross it.

Perhaps in this neglected spot is laid

Some heart once pregnant with celestial fire.

5. Supply the words omitted by ellipsis :

All nature is but art, unknown to thee;

All chance, direction which thou canst not see.
All discord, harmony not understood;

All partial evil, universal good.

6. Arrange the elements in their natural order :

Great is Diana of the Ephesians.. Welcome thou art to me. To each honor is given. In fearless freedom he arose. Whom ye ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you.

7. See if the following can be improved by transposing any element :— I would be Diogenes, were I not Alexander. The parting soul relies on some fond breast. That is the question, to be, or not to be. Then the hills shook, riven with thunder. When creation began we know not.

CONSTRUCTION.

188. Definitions.

1. Construction or synthesis consists in combining the elements which compose a sentence.

2. The essential combination is that of the subject and the predicate (163, 8), and is,

(a.) A complete sentence, when its parts need no modification to express the full thought; as, "Jesus wept."

(b.) An incomplete sentence, when the simple assertion is so indefinite as to

Construction. The essential combination. Complete and incomplete sen

tences.

need the addition of other ideas to express the full and specific thought intended; as, "Landscape fades" (incomplete). "Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight" (complete and inverted).

3. Although in the practical processes of construction the mind is chiefly occupied with the ideas which compose the thought, with little regard to grammatical forms, or the relative rank of the elements as they succeed each other, or the particular order of their collocation, yet, for elementary purposes, the pupil should begin with the principal elements, and show how all others arrange themselves around these.

189. Models for Construction.

Take the simple, but incomplete assertion,

KING LED.

Add a word to the subject to show that a particular king is meant,The KING LED.

Add an expression to show what king. Thus,

The KING of Prussia LED.

Add an expression to the predicate to show what he led. Thus,The KING of Prussia LED three charges.

Add still another expression to the predicate, to show how he led them. Thus,

The KING of Prussia LED three charges in person.

Thus we have one of Macaulay's complete simple sentences. be exhibited thus,

It may

Take again,—

RETREAT HAD DEPRIVED.

Show that some particular retreat was intended.

Whose retreat?

The RETREAT HAD DEPRIVED.

The RETREAT of Mr. Pitt HAD DEPRIVED.

Deprived what country?

Of what?

The retreat of Mr. Pitt HAD deprived Prussia.

The RETREAT of Mr Pitt HAD DEPRIVED Prussia of her only friend. Intimate, by an addition to the predicate, that some event is to follow almost immediately, and show what that event is,

Scarcely HAD the RETREAT of Mr. Pitt DEPRIVED Prussia of her only

Models.

friend, when the death of Elizabeth produced an entire revolution in the pɔlitics of the north.—Macaulay.

Here we have a complete complex sentence.

It may be exhibited

(1.) Prussia

(2.) of her only friend
(3.) Scarcely

(4.) when the death of
Elizabeth, &c.

190. Exercise.

1. Add to the following incomplete sentences any ideas which will convert them into complete sentences:—

1. Analysis consists in resolving a sentence into its elements, and in pointing out the offices and relations of each.

2. To analyze a sentence, we should first point out the leading ideas which compose the thought (147, 3, 4), taking together as elements all the words which are required to express a full idea. We thus obtain the subject, the predicate, and the additions to each. We should then separate every group of words into its simple elements, and, finally, every simple element of the second or third class, into the words which compose it. We thus reduce the sentence to the parts of speech.

3. Parsing consists in naming the parts of speech into which a sentence is resolved by analysis, giving their modifications, relations, agreement, or government, and the rules for their construction.

Analysis. Leading ideas, the subject, predicate, and additions to each. Parsing.

192. Directions for general Analysis of Sentences.

1. Read the sentence, and determine by its meaning, whether it is declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory.

2. Determine the leading assertion, and point out the subject and predicate.

3. If any of the parts are inverted, arrange them in the natural order. 4. If necessary, supply ellipses.

5. Find all the separate words or groups of words which express distinct ideas added to the subject, and show in what way they modify it.

6. In the same manner dispose of all the additions to the predicate.

7. If neither the subject, nor the predicate, nor any of the additions to either contains a proposition, the sentence is simple.

8. But if either contains a proposition, the sentence is complex.

9. If the sentence contains two or more independent assertions, it is compound, and should first be separated into its component parts, each of which should be analyzed as a simple or a complex sentence.

10. If the subject, predicate, or any of the additions to these should contain two coördinate parts, the sentence is a partial compound, and should be analyzed like a simple sentence, with the exception of the compound part; this should be named as a compound element, and then resolved into its component parts.

11. If the subject, predicate, or any of the additions to either should contain a participle, or an infinitive equivalent in its use to a dependent proposition, the sentence is a contracted complex, and should be analyzed like a simple sentence. Yet the part derived by abridging a dependent clause (182, 6) should be named, and its equivalent proposition given.

193. Models for general Analysis.

NOTE. In this kind of analysis, the learner is to find all the leading ideas which compose the thought (188, 2), and to point out the words or groups of words employed to express them, as well as the office and relation of each. Having thus found the subject, the predicate, and all the additions to each, he then determines the character of the sentence, and is prepared for the analysis of each group considered as an element. Take the following passage from Macaulay's Miscellanies :—

(1.) "In 1789, the Regency Bill occupied the Upper House till the session was far advanced. (2.) When the king recovered, the circuits were beginning. (3.) The judges left town; the lords waited for the return of the oracles of jurisprudence; and the consequence was, that during the whole year only seventeen days were given to the case of Hastings. (4.) It was clear that the matter would be protracted to a length unprecedented in the annals of criminal law."

No. (1.) is a declarative sentence (148, 3). The indefinite or unmodified assertion, is "bill occupied;" of this "bill" is the subject and

Directions for analysis. Models.