suggested that this latter is derived from Skr.

; but against

such a derivation must be set the fact that bhûta had at a very early epoch lost its t and become in Pr. húam, hoïam, and the like; also that in Chand the anuswâra of the present participle is still preserved, as in दुज हंतो दुजनिय भोर । ( Pr. - R. i. 49), "Brahman became to Brahman hostile;" and a few lines further on in the same passage इक हंतो सिंगिय रिष्ष “ There was one Śringa Rishi."

§ 68. The tenses of the regular verb formed by the additions of parts of the verb ho are numerous, but vary in the different languages. In Hindi we have mostly tenses with a general sense of doubt or contingency, in which those compounded with the present participle run parallel to those formed with the past participle. Thus with गिरता “ falling,” and गिरा "fallen" (gir "to fall ")—

गिरता होऊं

66

1. fata (aorist of ho) "I may be falling," which may be called a definite present subjunctive or contingent; as in answer to a question हमारे घर को जाते “ Are you going to my house?" one might answer “I may be going (but am not sure)."

2. गिरता हूंगा (future of ho shortened from होऊंगा ) “ I shall or must be falling," a future contingent, or doubtful; as in asking “Is Ram coming now?" the reply is, "Yes, he will be coming," or, "he must be coming," i.e. "I suppose he is now on his way here."

3. focar star “(If) I were falling," conditional present definite. This is very rarely used, but it seems to denote a phase of action which could not, when occasion requires, be otherwise expressed. It may be illustrated thus: f भागता होता तो में उसको रोकता “If Ram were now running away, I would stop him" (but as he is not, there is no need for me to do so). It is the present participle of the auxiliary used in a conditional sense, as in the simple verb.

4. fact si “I may have fallen." Also somewhat rare. In answer to तुम ने उसके नाम कबही सुना “Have you ever heard his name?" one might say "I may have heard it " सुना होऊं (but have now forgotten it).

5. FIT “I must or shall have fallen." This is a very commonly used tense. Thus is a frequent answer हुआ होगा where a person is not sure, or does not care; and is almost equivalent to "I dare say," "very likely," "I shouldn't wonder." Also, it indicates some degree of certainty, as TIA â d¶z "Has Ram received the news ?" Answer,

"He will have received it," meaning "Oh yes, of course he has," or with a different inflection of voice, "I dare say he has."

6. facı gtar “(If) I had fallen." Hardly ever used, except in a negative sentence. I do not remember to have heard it in conversation; though an analogous form with the participle of रह may be heard in eastern Hindi, as तुम जदि कल्ह आए रहते "If you had come yesterday." The only instance Kellogg gives is apparently from a translation of the Bible (John xv. 22) जो मैं न आया होता उन का पाप न होता “If I had not come... they had not had sin."

Panjabi makes a somewhat different use of the tenses of ho. In this language ho, when used as an auxiliary, has rather the sense of continuance in an act, than that of doubt or contingency. Thus we find the ordinary definite present "He is going," side by side with a continuative present with ho, at "He kept on going;" also, "He is in the habit of going." So, also, there is a continuative imperfect aizi Fen m “He kept on going," "He was always going." Similarly, there are two forms of the future, one with the simple future of ho (like No. 2 in Hindi given above)

tầm “He will probably be going," and a continuative form containing ho twice over, जांदा हुंदा होवेगा “ He will probably be always going." Thus, to the question fad far sâ उह कितनाकु चिर उथे

रहिंदा होवेगा Tầm “How long will he be stopping there?" the answer might be, उथे उह दा घर है उह ता सदा सरबदा उथे रहिंदा हुंदा होवेगा “ His home is there, he will probably always be stopping there." With "if" prefixed, the tense

means "If I were in the habit of going."

Parallel to the above are two tenses with the aorist of ho:

aiz at “I may be going," and with "if" prefixed, “If I should be going;" and "I may be constantly जांदा हुंदा होवां going," "If I should be always going."

With the past participle they combine the present participle of ho, as

"I would have put," and conditionally, à â fM FE “If I had put,” “If I should have put ;' as in उह जे रुपई बणीएं दे हत्य दित्ता हुंदा तां सानुं मिलिआ जंदा "If he had given the money into the care (lit. hand) of the merchant, then we should have got it."

There is also a combination of the past tense with the aorist of ho, as fra "He may have gone," or, "If he has (perchance) gone."

Colloquially, they frequently also insert pleonastically in phrases where it is difficult to attach to it any definite meaning. Thus उन घल्लिआ है “he has sent,” and घल्लिआ होइआ है " he is having sent.” In this latter phrase there is, perhaps, implied the idea of the action having been performed some time ago, and being still in force, so that it harmonizes with the generally continuative meaning of ho as an auxiliary in Panjabi. Also, though it is not noticed in the grammar, I remember having heard frequently this word hoïd, repeated probably for emphasis, as मारिन होइन होइन “ beaten (repeatedly, or very much indeed).

In Sindhi the present and past participle are both compounded with the aorist of ho to form potentials, thus-1. हलंदो हुए “ he may be going; " 2. हलिओ हुए “he may have gone.' There does not appear to be in this language so strong a sense of doubt, or of continuance, in these combinations, as in

H. and P., probably because ho plays a more important part in S. than does as, which is represented by only one tense, or achh, which is not represented at all.

3.

"he was going." This is the present participle

of the verb with the preterite of ho.

4. “he had gone." The past participle with the हलिओ हो These two are exactly parallel.

same.

up

5. Ezt szt “he will be going." "he will be going." Definite future, made

of present participle with future of ho.

6. faut at “he will have gone." Past future, the past participle with the same. These two are also exactly parallel.

In the passive phase of active verbs there are also six tenses formed by the same process, whereof 2, 4, and 6 are the same as in the active, or, in other words, these two tenses may be construed either actively or passively, according to the structure of the sentence. Trumpp gives them twice over, probably for this reason:

1. afat "he may be being released." छड़िबो हुए ciple passive (§ 51) with aorist of ho.

3. af

preterite of ho.

5. छड़िबो

future of ho.

"he was being released.”

Future parti

The same with

“he will be being released." The same with

Gujarati employs ho in the following tenses (Taylor, p. 92), mostly dubitative (chaḍ "ascend "):

1. Present participle + aorist, "he is ascending." Definite present.

2. The same + future, at "he may be ascending." Contingent present.

3. The same + pres. part. indeclinable, ca da “(if) he were ascending." Subjunctive present.

A parallel group with past participle:

1. Past p. + aorist,

preterite.

"he has ascended." Definite

2. The same + future, "he may have ascended." Contingent preterite.

3. The same + pres. p. ind., "(if) he had ascended." Subjunctive preterite.

The same combinations may be formed with the p.p. in elo, as, but there does not seem to be any very great difference in the meaning.

Also a group with future participle; in the form vâng (see § 52)

1. Fut. p. aorist, "he is about to ascend." Definite future.

2. The same future, "he may be about to ascend." Contingent future.

3. The same + pres. p. ind., a “(if) he were about to ascend." Subjunctive future.

An example of the use of the last of these tenses is a

Sicqì gia at "If he were going to (or had intended छोडवानो होत तो छोडते to) release me, he would have released me (long ago)." Three similar tenses are formed by combining the three above parts of the auxiliary with the participle in âr or âro, which, as in Marathi, is rather the noun of the agent, and will be discussed further on ($75).

Compound tenses in Marathi are formed so largely by the auxiliaries derived from as and achh, that there is comparatively little left for ho to do. It is used in the following tenses:

Imperfect, made up of present part. and imperfect of ho, as at a star “he was coming."

"Incepto-continuative" imperfect, as the grammar-writers call it, made from the present part. and the preterite of ho, as atical "he began to speak." This is rarely used.

Future preterite formed by the future participle and imperfect of ho, as at fafgure étaï "I was to have written,” i.e. "It had been arranged that I was to write under certain circumstances.” The example given is मी काल आपणा कडे येणार