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qua non, but the native element must also enter largely into any Indian army. We would propose to have, as it were, two military bodies in this country. One, the regular army, European and native, liable to serve by sea and land, in any part of the world, cantoned in large bodies at well chosen stations, commanded by selected officers, smaller in number than that existing before the mutinies, but infinitely greater in force; and so constituted that its fidelity might surely be depended on. The other should be a subordinate, local, police army, native entirely, having no cannon whatever, raised entirely in bodies in certain districts, for service in others, and their own Zemindars to be held responsible for their good behaviour. We propose to develope a scheme for both of these, and affirm that the expense would not be greater than that now incurred, while the efficiency would be ten-fold. We propose first to consider the regular army, in its constitution, discipline, and expense, comparing it with what existed before the mutinies. Secondly, to do the same for the subordinate force, though we confess that the comparison in expense with what now exists as a substitute for it, will be impossible, as we have no account before us of the present rate. Should, however, these views attract attention, this desideratum may be easily supplied for the consideration of the Authorities : and while we affirm our confidence that the expense will be found scarcely, if at all, to exceed what it now is, we shall, by directing enquiry to the matter, have fully attained our object in the composition of this paper. On a reference to the Bengal army list before the mutinies, it will be found that the regular Bengal army consisted of

ARTILLERY.

Three brigades horse artillery, containing thirteen troops, of which five were native.

Six battalions European foot artillery, of twenty-four companies, with twelve field-batteries attached, of which three were

bullock batteries.

Three battalions native foot artillery, of eighteen companies, with eight field-batteries attached, of which two were bullock.

CAVALRY.

2 Regiments H. M.'s dragoons.
10 Ditto native light cavalry.
18 Ditto irregular cavalry.

INFANTRY.

15 Regiments H. M.'s foot.

3 Ditto Company's European infantry. 74 Ditto native infantry.

The regiments of Kelat-i-Ghilzie, Ferozepore, and Loodhiana, and the Ghoorka battalions, are also corps of the line, but we do not mean to include them, as they are officered from the other regiments. Nor yet do we include the sappers, nor further allude to them than by pointing out the advisability of separating them a little more.

For this we propose to substitute an army as follows :

ARTILLERY, ALL EUROPEAN.

3 Brigades, of twelve troops, horse artillery.

6 Battalions, of forty-eight companies, foot artillery. 24 Horse field-batteries attached.

CAVALRY.

8 Regiments Company's European dragoons. 20 Ditto native light horse.

INFANTRY.

17 Regiments H. M.'s foot.

15 Ditto Company's European infantry.

25 Ditto native light infantry on a new organization. Such an army we affirm to be cheaper than the one above, and immensely more powerful, while we think it, in conjunction with the subordinate police military force, numerous enough for the requirements of the Bengal presidency. It consists of, in round numbers, thirty-six batteries of 216 guns, eighty-four squadrons, and fifty-seven battalions, in all 75,000 men; an army, which, on an emergency, could spare 40,000 men for foreign service, of whom 25,000 should be Europeans. Along with the new system one measure would be advisable, and that is the complete disarming of all the natives who are not soldiers of the state. We now proceed to the constitution of our new army, commencing with the artillery.

ARTILLERY.-In the Bengal army before the mutinies, no one can fail to be struck with the number of guns left by the dominant race in the hands of the subject one.-Of the regular field artillery, twofifths of the whole were in the hands of natives, besides that of the Punjaub and Oude irregular forces, the Gwalior contingent, and the guns attached to the smaller contingents, as well as those scattered over the country, and called post guns. Of the horse artillery, five out of thirteen troops were native. Now it appears to us that there is no necessity for this. Artillery is an arm that can only be required with considerable bodies of other troops, and where the services of Europeans are necessary. It is not required unless real force takes the field, and it performs no duties which in quarters require the exposure of the men.

One

There is nothing that the natives have such respect for, and terror of-nothing which, being deprived of, would so completely convince them of their weakness and of their inability to cope with us. For these reasons we would recommend that the artillery should be European only, and that no guns at all should be left in the hands of natives, or if there be an exception, it should be the Punjab irregular force only. Posted judiciously through the country, we think the force we have mentioned enough. There is however margin for its increase, should it be deemed necessary. We would have the drivers as well as the gunners European, so that we may be sure of the whole of this arm, even in the most desperate emergencies. A small detail of gun lascars would be attached to each battery, as at present to the horse artillery. This simple change would leave nothing to be desired in this arm. We would propose an increase of eight captains and eight lieutenants to the regiment. question will occur. What is to become of such golundauzes as have remained faithful? As to their fidelity, we do not believe in it. The horse artillery at Jullunder is reported to have acted against the mutineers; but we will not believe in any native loyalty, which does not make a clean breast of it, and disclose the origin of this conspiracy. Government is justified in summarily dismissing from its service such of its Poorbeah soldiers as it pleases, without pension of any sort. Is it to be supposed, that because at certain stations, fear has kept down revolt, that the Government, in re-organizing the army, for the welfare of the empire, is to be stopped in its career by the personal claims of a set of men, who, at the very least, are, one and all, guilty of misprision of treason? God forbid that such weakness should be shown. Nay, rather let it be proclaimed in the market place that the native army has violated its faith to the Government, which has treated it so well, that it has forfeited its rights, collectively and individually, that it has no claim to either future service or pension, and that any cases of good service subsequently performed will be made the subject of special consideration, and owe their recognition to the mercy of the Government, and the consideration it has for its subjects. Each man when enlisted swore on his colors or on his gun, that he would at once report to his commanding officer whatever he heard that Have the native officers was seditious or prejudicial to the state. done this? That they might keep that oath the Government gave them honors, and titles, and very high pay. Except only in the irregular cavalry, they were recognized as having no other value than this. How have they discharged their trust? Not one has kept his faith. They swore at the hazard of their lives

to discharge the duty, and in all the Bengal army, not one has proved true. Away with them! we say-let their treachery and uselessness no longer cumber the ground, and the army. Let the native officers of the regular army be all dismissed, and only very special reasons exempt any one to the extent of giving him a pension. Expediency may forgive a traitor, and compassion may forgive a fool; but traitor and fool united is out of the category of forgiveness; and this, we say, is the predicament in which the native officers stand. Aye! even those belonging to the so-called staunch regiments. What applies to the native officer equally applies to the common man. As a matter of good faith, they have now, as a body, no claim on the Government. Their retention is a mere matter of expediency, and, as it is not expedient in the case of the native artillery, we would not retain them. Special cases might be made the subject of special consideration, but a lasting divorce should be instituted between the native and the gun. The re-organization of the artillery, involving, as it does, an increase of guns, officers, and men, in the aggregate, the substitution of a large number of Europeans for natives, and of horses for bullocks, would of course cost more than at present. We will save more than the amount in the other arms of the service.

CAVALRY. This branch of the service before the war consisted of two regiments H. M.'s dragoons, ten native light cavalry, and eighteen regiments irregular cavalry. Both of the native branches of the cavalry have mutinied, and their rights are exactly what are above stated to be those of the artillery, and no more. We however, though condemning the bad faith of both alike, propose to treat them very differently, and that simply because it is expedient to do so. In a word, we propose to abolish the light cavalry entirely, and in their room form eight regiments of dragoons. We propose to increase the number of regiments of irregular cavalry to twenty, denominate them light horse, and raise a duffadar's pay to thirty, and a sowar's to twenty-five rupees a month. The eight regiments of dragoons might be officered as follows: one colonel, one lieutenant-colonel, one major, eight captains, eleven lieutenants, and five cornets. This would leave two colonels, two lieutenant-colonels, two majors, six captains and two lieutenants supernumerary in the whole cavalry. We would propose that the supernumerary field officers be retained to keep up the promotion, but that the six captains and two lieutenants be absorbed; a measure which could not be very hard on the junior cavalry officers, considering the very great luck that they have had. We propose that each regiment of cavalry shall consist of three squadrons, and six troops, and number twenty-four

sergeants, twenty-four corporals, six trumpeters, six farriers, 480 troopers, one surgeon, two assistant-surgeons, and one veterinary surgeon, with a staff and establishment on the scale proportionally of one of Her Majesty's regiments of light dragoons. Eight such regiments would, we think, be a sufficient heavy cavalry for the Bengal army; they would cost rather less than the ten light cavalry regiments did before the mutinies, would be at least equal to thirty of the other sort, and would enable Government to dispense with the two regiments of Her Majesty's dragoons, and save the very great cost they entail. As a percontra, there would be a large expenditure for buildings and barracks; but that is a Public-Works charge, and inevitable; as more Europeans, many more, must be stationed here. Our endeavour is to develope a scheme which shall make this increase at once as efficient as possible, without trenching beyond the limits of necessity, drawn by the exigencies of Indian finance. As to the merits of the native light cavalry, we have no inclination to discuss them, they have been argued ad nauseam. Suffice it to say, that they have been condemned by public opinion, and stand confessedly the most inefficient branch of the native army, with reference to the reasonable expectations that were formed of them. Even their own officers admit that they are not worth the money they cost. Under such circumstances their abolition cannot but be attended with advantage; and we have every reason to believe, that this measure has been more than once in contemplation, but that always some difficulty or other was found in the way, which this mutiny will go far to remove. The value of a reliable body of European cavalry in this country can scarcely be overrated. The arm is sadly neglected in England. The officers of the British cavalry regiments are extravagant, and have given their service a bad name in consequence with reference to work. True, Balaklava made a reaction; but it is an undeniable fact, that cavalry is neglected and underrated among English soldiers. Yet except under very peculiar circumstances, no decisive battle was ever gained without the free use of cavalry. Broken troops can easily escape from infantry and artillery, for the latter dare not leave the former, unless it had cavalry with it. In the Peninsula, we only gained two decisive battles, Salamanca and Vittoria. In the former battle, cavalry played a leading part. It was the decisive charge of the heavy dragoons under General Le Marchant that won the day. Vittoria again was one of those peculiar cases to which we alluded as exceptional. The town lies in a basin surrounded by hills, and almost encircled by a small river. Two roads lead from it towards France, and two only. The high road to Bayonne was seized by our left,

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