military stations, and must remain for three years in the regular army. The soldier who has passed through the regular army must be for three years in the army of reserve, with liability to be called upon once for annual practice, and to be incorporated in the regular army in the time of war or other like contingent event. Leaving the army of reserve, the soldier enters the militia for four years, with liability to be called upon, at a convenient place, once for annual practice, and to be called up in the time of war or other like event, after the army of reserve has been incorporated in the regular army. Every man, from the age of seventeen till his fiftieth year, is enrolled in the Landwehr, which body is only called upon for defensive service in time of invasion. The strength of the Japanese army in December, 1881, was, including reserves, nearly 104,000 men. Besides there are eighty-five in telegraph troops; 350 in the military college for commissioned officers; 850 in the military college for non-commissioned officers. These form the whole number of soldiers since the passing of the law of recruitment. Before the passing of this law there was the regular army, which consisted of 400,000 chizoku. Among them there are a great many who are still fit for the military service. For the naval service volunteers from the age of fifteen to twenty-five are called up. The term of the service is either five or seven years. The volunteers may prefer either of the two alternatives. Those who desire to be still in service at the end of the fixed term are allowed to be in service for every three years. 51 In the above table 24,794 square ri is equal to 148,456 square miles. The specification of population, according to the estimate of January, 1882, is as follows:-Male, 18,598,998; female, 18,101,120; number of heads of families, 7,584,986; average number of persons in a family, 4. At the same time, the number of foreign residents is -male, 5179, and female, 1008, making the total of 6187 persons. There are no no recent statistics of the number of married persons; but according to the estimate of January, 1876, there were 6,718,288 husbands and 6,718,288 wives, and 20,901,828 others, making the the total of 34,338,404 persons. The following shows the number of births for six years; but the distinction between legitimate and illegitimate births is not The cities containing a population of more than 100,000 are as follows (January, 1882) :– Tokio, in Musashi province Osaka, in Settsu province ... ... ... 823,557 ... 293,681 By the Poor Law promulgated in 1874, it is provided that to each helpless person, or one above seventy or below fifteen years of age, and who, being crippled, is not able to do any work, one koku and eight to of rice shall be appropriated every year. In case of an abandoned child, the same quantity of rice is given to any person who brings it up until it reaches thirteen years of age. Besides this, in every locality, some funds are kept to help people suffering from calamity. In Tokio there is a poor house supported by local taxation. The following table shows how the land lies: There are, besides, no small portions of Crown land which are tenanted by the people, but statistics are wanting. The principal agricultural products in 1880 were as follows: The annual incomes of both the Government and private forests are not known. At present the Government forests have in possession trees of one foot in circumference to the number of 1,860,491,648. The exportation of the principal agricultural products in 1881 was : The number of cattle is very small. In 1880 the cows and oxen numbered 1,124,564, and the horses, 1,605,543. The principal products of the fisheries are whales, sardines, herrings, katsuwo [bonito ?], cuttlefish, cod, and salmon. In 1880 the total number of fishers was 1,601,406—848,288 male and 753,118 female. Number of fishingboats, 190,045. By a notification of 1882, all the mines. |