Mean this, this very one, this one here. Iste qui. Means here. Means here and there.* Ille qui. Khá is the aspirate, and ka-ka the reduplicate state of the root. K final is an articular servile, as in talak, bik, &c., &c. For nam compare nam-sin. It is frequently omitted. Khá is the place, metaphorically sky or heaven. Rang is an emphatic servile, for which see supplement to this paper. (La, root. Ta, the common prefix, and k, the articular suffix. Doubtful, and can mean sky only metaphori. cally. Means sun. The nude root whereof the phases are lá, lé, (Zhí, só, zá, are three conjunct suffix forms of These are introduced to show the servile particle of mizh, mza, and to show it superseding the root, as in fa for ma, here, and in ba for sa, voce cow, and in di for bi, voce skin. It is because the third personal is so perpetually identical with the demonstratives, of which the direct and exclusive principle is contrast, that the same elements come to express the contrasts of place and time and manner (here there; now then: as, so). He who would trace the remoter affinities of race, must treat languages in this thoughtful manner. NOTE. The mi-sa, sa-mi, sample of transposition of the sa particle, cited above to match the me-se, Georgian, sa-me, Manyak, sample here compared with it, is from my Tibe to-Himá layan vocabularies; thus in full, mi-sa, woman, in Newári, sa-mi, girl, in Burmese and Khyeng, and sme, in Horpa, root mi, me, mankind, and sa, a feminine and diminutive sign. In short, the sa particle, like all others, may be prefix or suffix, and separate or blended. Hence mse, Georgian = sa-me, Manyak. With regard to the suffixed zhi, zi, or za, clearly= sa, it would seem as if mi were the sun or great fire, of which mi-sa is the diminutive, just as sá is the earth, or terrestrial globe, and sa-ch (cha = sa) earth, soil. See "Earth sequel. in Fa servile. We shall presently see it usurp ing the place of the root. These abundant instances from the Mongolian series plainly prove the root in the Caucasian series, and they show that root precisely such in every phase (mi, mé, má) as it is seen in the Caucasian series. We thus securely proceed to the serviles or rather servile, and this the Manyak word, below, gives in the primitive state, unaltered by blending or by euphony. We are therefore certified as to its various altered forms (zhi, zá, sé) in the Caucasian series. Observe also in the Mongolian series that all the tongues which use the mi root in the sense of man have mé instead of mi for fire. Turn to ma-fá, supra, and note again how the servile supersedes the root, as in zi for mi, fire. So also Tibetan ba for Circassian bsa, voce cow, and Anamese di for Dido bi, voce skin; the last so decisively proved by the Murmi form of the word wherein root and servile both appear, di-bi. Thus the Circassian word ma-fa supplements and expounds the Tai and Khámti word fa-i; and this the Manyak word sameh supplements and expounds the Georgian word msé and its Suanic and Absné equivalents. The languages must have a deep and radical affinity which can thus be made mutually to illustrate each other. Return to the simple root again. Here we have the sa particle above cited in its pure unaltered state. The Georgian msé shows it transposed and blended. Timi recurs to the mi form of the root, with the inseparable Gyárúng prefix (ta) harmonised in its vowel, ú servile, like é, in é-mé. These last words of the fire series afford excellent illustration of the wide scope of servile adjuncts. Di is the da prefix harmonised in its vowel to that of the root ni. Den shows the above prefix conjunct, and the ni root altered to né, become én per metastasin. Or, if we read dé-n, then the particle takes the harmonised vowel of the root which is absorbed, as in din for di-ni, below. Has the ka prefix harmonised in its vowel to ni root. Means to-day. Ki, as above. Na, a new phases of the root, as ma for mi, fire. Tally exactly, root and servile, with the Tshettshentsh word, and similarly analysed of course. Tallies with the den instance. Means day and sun. Means sun. The roots for sun and day run Si servile is the sa particle with harmonised Compare nam-kha, voce sky. Sin for si-ni is Sak, like nam, is a servile or particule mort; * Né in Burmese Ni in Mrú Ni-n in Koreng Nhi-ga in Newdri Má-né-k in Burmese Ma-ní in Kámi Nyima in Tibetan Nyi-m in Lepcha Na-ni in Dhimáli Means "sun." Day, sun, and sky run into each other perpetually. Compare nam-kha, voce sky; mean sun or Mean respectively to-morrow and yesterday, Means morning, from the roots ma, mother, and né, day, with the articular k suffix, as in kha-k, sky. The Chinese in like manner name the day the sun's son. Or the prefix ma may be a servile as in the next word. The meaning here being simply day, from the root ní, ma must be a servile, no more affecting the sense of the root than the ka, da, and sa prefixes in Dini, Kani, and Sini. Here the ma particle becomes a suffix, and, as before, without touching the sense of the root. Ma suffix conjunct ma in the preceding word. Seems conjunct in tsari chim, voce water. Means then. Na, servile. * Observe therefore that what is said of the universal vitality of all the particles of these tongues, voce dog, is only true in the comprehensive view of the languages. VOL. II. E Mani compare with nyima and nyitima afford further illustrations of the rule of transposition already illustrated from the msé and sameh instance, voce fire, as well as from the inisa and sami sample, voce man. In fact, no law of these languages can be more certain than this of transposition, passing frequently into substitution (of servile for root), of which also we have seen various instances. The rationale is that every element is, in general, equally available in a primary or secondary sense, though there will of course be exceptions if the view be narrowed to one or two of the tongues, and more especially if these be regarded merely in statu quo. + Compare Malay cha-bi and Ende sa, meaning pepper. Sense, sound, and system seem to tally with ours, the added or omitted servile and the change of root!! Twé in Georgian Tá-li in Dhimáli Ré servile, the common ra suffix. Epithet from colour, white. Li servile, as in cheli, sen-li, supra. Earth.-T'she-do in Dido T'shi in Georgian Sá-ch in Osetic Mit-za in Georgian Mi-sá in Andi Mu-sá in Akush Di-chá in Mingrelian M'shá in Hórpa Ha-sá in Sóntál Séh in Gyárúng Sá in Tibetan Sá in Lhópa Sáh in Takpa Chá in Newári Kat-ché in Karen Salt.-T'shé-a in Kubitsh Za-ch in Osetic Se-ch in Wogal D'zé in Akush Zi-o in Dido Ch suffix, a phase of the diminutive particle cha, sa. Sa, the root, is the earth. Sach, earth, soil, a little of. Mi-t, double servile, modified like git. Mi and mu are indubitable serviles, sá being the root. They serve excellently to show how these particles attach to the roots. The mi prefix is very common in the Magar tongue, as mi-rong, misya-ros, &c. Chá, the root, tallies exactly with Newári. Di is the common da prefix. K' is the ka particle conjunct, as in k'mari, k'li, k'anak, &c. &c. Ha servile, or a synonymous root. These numerous samples from the Mongolian tongues plainly demonstrate the root of the Caucasian words as before remarked in reference to the fire series. Compare kat.shú, voce hand, and observe that the form is identical in the Caucasian and Mongolian sample (andi and plé). We have here the very same compound servile (ka-ta) similarly employed (prefix). Such perfect coincidence of all the elements of speech could result only from identity of origin and family unity. The word is radically the same as that for earth, as proved by the Osetic and Wogul terms. The prefix also is the same, and hence a suffix is required to difference the senses. It is thus we learn the real function of the serviles. See note, voce ego = homo. See Earth. Dé-sé in Dhimáli Dé in Kolun Comparing this word with the Akush d'sé, we see the equivalency of the conjunct and disjunct serviles. |