Latham perhaps, whose quick eye will not fail to catch it, will be able to tell whether the same peculiarity distinguishes the Circassian tongue. For myself I doubt not it will so prove, because the rule for nouns is but another phase of the rule for pronouns. In the meantime, the striking grammatical analogies* I have pointed out stand in no need of further elucidation, and these analogies, together with the explanation from the Tibetan of the widely-used but heretofore unexplained Ra suffix, constitute in themselves, and as sustaining all those numerous identities of the primitive vocables which have been adverted to, something very like a demonstration of the Mongolidan affinities of the Caucasians, though I would be understood to speak with a due sense of the disqualifications inseparable from my secluded position and want of access to books. I subjoin Latham's sample of the construction of the Circassian language, with its equivalent in Gyárúng. "I give to my father the horse.” Circassian. --Sara s-ab acé I my father horse Gyárúng.-Ngarét nga-pé boroh I horse istap my father “ In the house are two doors ” is, in like manner, two doors” in the Circassian and Gyárúng tongues. CC house its servile adjuncts, though clearly, as to simple compounds, constantly observing the rules of contraction and of substitution noted in the text. In the Gyárúng sentence, Tizécazé papun, he summoned them to feast, the word for to feast shows the root repeated twice, and each time with a separate servile, though we have here only one verb, not two verbs ; and in kalarlar, round, still no compound, we have the root repeated, but yet with a servile, though only one, being the prefix ka. In such cases that servile is usually omitted, as kaka, sky; pyepye, bird; chacha, hot. * Those analogies might now be largely extended did health and time permit. Take the following instances :-Tam-bus, father; imbas, my father, in Uraon. Sampa, father; ampa, my father, in Kiránti, Ku-kos, child ; ing-kos, my child, U'raon. Tam, sam, ku, serviles, replaced by the pronouns; compare Malayan sam-piyan, san-diri, kan-diri, ka-manus, k'anak, &c. + Ra suffix subjoined for illustration though not in use with this person. See prior note. in The plural sign, kwé in Circassian, myé or kamyé Gyárúng, is in both languages alike “the beginning and end of declension.” The following list of Circassian and Gyárúng pronouns may facilitate the reader's apprehension. I He Wa-ra U-1 Gyárúng pronouns-Nga Nan-ré Wa-tu The same conjoined with a noun. Wa.pé} My, Thy, His, father. , COMPARISON AND ANALYSIS OF CAUCASIAN AND MONGOLIAN WORDS. Man.-K'mari in Georgian Maré in Suanic Maro in Lepcha Man.-Lé-g in Osetic Lé-ng in Burmese K, prefix, servile, as in Indo-Chinese k'lun, a man, and Malayan k'anak, a child ; a sort of article and equivalent to the suffixed k. Má, with the customary change of vowel (see on to mo-i and mi), is the root throughout, and it takes the common ra suffix, likewise with the usual vocalic diversity. But observe that in m'ru this servile absorbs the vowel of the root, as in m’se, Georgian for mé-se, voce fire. \ This is the first of numerous samples in which the name of the species is that of a tribe. Means husband. | Means male, especially human, lén, the root, having the sense of mankind, or both sexes. K suffix, servile articular like the g in lé-g and 16-g. Nya, a synonym. Compare k'amari and k'anak. Lú root. No. men gentis necnon hominis. as in man. Boy.—Lap-pu in Osetic Lok-pa in Tai * Ka is the prefix, appended as usual. I have already remarked that the Gyárún tongue is distinguished among its allies by its extensive employment of tbis class of particles. The Burmese tongue makes less 11se of them, and in its mys, much, many, we have the Gyá. rúng plural sign, myé, or ka-myé. The Suanic maré and Georgian k'mari for man, afford precise Caucasian equivalent quoad the servile ka, showing it to be dropped or retained according to circumstances or to dialects in Caucasus. | Ab, father-pé, father, less the prefix. Lú root with articular, k suffixed. Wan, doubtful. Compare wak, in Armenian, sáwak, a child; sa in Burmese having the root only. Shi, euphonised sha = sa and cha and za, in the following words ; or it may be bi, bo, bu, junior, and shi, human. Means daughter. { { diminu tive, euphonised to vowel of root. Male and female respectively. The diminutive cha is seen in the conjunct form in Osetic sa-ch voce earth. Zo servile, as in Lazic bo-zo. 2 = S, alike in Caucasian and Mongolian series. {T' Fertile. Mó, = má supra et mi infra, is the Lúk-wan in Tai Bitshi in Geor. Young person of either sex gian Bi-shi in Lazic Pu-sa in Maplu Man.-Moi in Osetic Moi in Kong root. therefore is man. Nomina gentium. See note at end of supple. ment. Means child, cha being a diminutive, = ga, supra. Mú is the root. For change of vowel therein, see note, voce dog. Rú, the ra suffix, with its vowel harmonised to that of root. \ Means boy, owing to the sa suffix. Tsé there. fore is man. Múi-bú in Takpa Mú-rú in Súnwar Man.-Tsé-s in Georgian Tsé in Chinese Ka-zi in Georgian Zi, = si and shi, is the root. The latter ap pears in bit-shi, tsé, &c. It is a very widely, spread man root, signifying adults as well as juniors. The root is ú, meaning man. The conjunct s is the feminising suffix. U'-er-ti, ú-shi, &c. have the same root. Rés is the ra suffix, with the sa particle repeated. Woman.-U's in Osetic U's-res in Gyárúng Woman.-Swa-n in Osetic Swa-s-ni in Khas Brother Dá in Georgian or Dá in Sontal Dá in Kuswár D'si in Chinese Mé in Georgian Means girl. Means virgin. Mean I, the pronoun. No fact is better established in Glossology than the frequent equivalency of the roots for man and I, and it is of much importance to note them here. This and all the following mean man. It is Mi in Tibetan Mé-jing in Lau 1.-Sa in Circassian Sa-ya in Malay Sa in Tagalan Sa in Malay remarkable how far the pronominal sense of mi prevails in Caucasus, and the nominal in the regions east of it. But they run into each other, and the root very generally is further employed to designate tribes from Caucasus to Indo-China, as mi-shi-mi, from the mi and shi roots, mú-r-mi, from the mu and mi roots, &c., &c. Tribe names derived from name of species--a very extensively diffused principle. The etymology of Burma or the Burmese is thus recovered. See Supplement. Jang = mas. Sa = fem. ence to the various senses of the mi root. Means woman. Root mi. Ma is a feminine and maternal sign. Means girl. See note in sequel. S'mé means girl, like sa-mi and sé-me. The sa particle in various phases, added to mi Ya, a differential servile. how these so-called articles blend with the perpetual coincidence of the first personal pronoun, and the first numeral, which is also constantly equivalent to the indefinite article, where wanting. In composition only, as ha-sum, give to me. Sú-m in Vayu 1.-Má in Osetic Má in Mingrelian Compare moi, man, in Osetic and món the Indo-Chinese tribe name. ning-ge. So mi in the sense of man is Mi in Mongol 1.-Jé-s in Armenian Ji in Newári vJa in Horpa See remarks, voce dog, on the vocalic changes to which all roots nearly are subject. * The basis of all these tongues from Caucasus to Oceanica is a small number of mono. syllabic roots bearing necessarily many senses. Hence to distinguish between those several senses is the chief function of the servile adjuncts of the roots. lu this language, for example, the root wa means come, tooth, rice, rain, throw, and be. } in Kámi 1.-A'-z, A-8 in Osetic An-ka in Kiránti A' is the root throughout, za, sa, ka, ku, being A-ku, A' in Malay serviles, though some of them, as ka, freA' in Manyak quently take the place of the root, Si in Mingrelian Si, shí ; sé, shé; sá, sbá, sú, are the several Se-n in Túrki phases of the root, or cycle of customary Sa-n in Onigur variation, just as in the nouns. See remarks on kha" voce dog. Sa in Finnic Cbhá in Newári (bá in Sokpa Sú in Tai The plural, Ye. Ná in Chinese Ha prefix and I suffix, servile. U'-i in Sóntál Wa in Gúrúng, in Dhimáli, and in Tunglhu l'in Mantchu In composition as conjunct prefix or suffix or as disjunct, eg., t-ap, his father; apa-t, his father; handa-ta-r, he went. See Rosen, He.-Ta in Circassian Ta in Sóntál Phillips, and Driberg. With regard to the Ta in Gondi transposed pronoun, see note voce fire. Té in Mongol The law of transposition is so important T6 in Mantchu that I add the following samples to show Té-ún in Dhekra that even where the actual practice has Tá in Esthonian ceased, analogy supports its quondam use. Thá in Gyami Suffix Possessive. Prefix Possessive. Baba-ku, Malay. Ang-upa, Váyu. = my father, In i-thu, ithi. Means she. See Remarks in Supplement. } |
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