English. Toda. Badaga. Kota. Kurumba. Irula. avale posso We am I cause to love kesiken ná pria pannisige pá pria panni kan. dirige I strike *burthtsbini huidane *puikape huiyutine ná adikallave, ná adida vittige Thou strikest burthtsti huidere ni puikape *huiyuti ni adika He strikes burthtsti huidana avane puikapo huiyutane ava adika She strikes burthtsti huidla huiyutale ayla adika huiyutade adu adika = all all strike. ellam burthts- angella huidaneo lámella puiyame angella huiyuteve namella adikemet bimi We all strike. ellam burthts. yengella huidaneo emella puiyame The same bimi ningella huidari nimella adikiri They all strike avarellam burtutsti avarella huidara avarella huiyutare avarella adikaru A dog noi nai áed yeradu nai nai rendu nai No plural for neu. ters eiyane amma, am-ma caused by euphony from ang-pa, my father It is wanting It is wanting It is wanting It is wanting No such distinction exists in any of these languages em avarella posso nai nai nai appa, tande } yen eiyane nana tande nina tande ninna appa nin eiyane } amma { } avla appa avan eiyano yenna appa Thy father nin eiyan His father #vana tan eiyan appa ava yenga appa anga appa Your father nim eiyan ninga appa avara appa nánu, na yenna yennadu yengla yenga anga yengadu angadu, nammadu ni Thy nin, nindu ninna Thine nindu, ninnadu pinnadu Ye nív níng'a nim, nimdu ninga Yours nimdu, nimmadu nin- ningadu ava, avla, adu Common avana aval gender avala, avla tan aduna avandu Common avanadu avaldu gender avladu adundu adundu adunada They avar avaka Their avar, avardu avara, avakara Theirs avardu, avaradu avaradu, avakaradu avana tande yenud amma both mud, for both sinadu} nangude { , niye I Ego My father yen eiyan tan eiyan gadu avan junc. Its adun junc. Its Your Hers avane, avale, ade avanu, avalu, adu ava, avla, adu Corrections by the Rev. B. Schmid, in the “ Malabar” words of the Ceylonese Vocabularies. : ORIGINAL. { Kágam. Kakei. Thenam, Malabar { } [These are merely the Gilchristian and Jonesian representations of vowels.-B. H. H.] CORRECTION. Kakkei, which is the English mode of lengthening the a by making the accent coincide with it, could not be understood. Nál. Naul would be pronounced Nowl on the continent of Europe, and would mislead. These words, seemingly so different, are identical, the difference resulting merely from bad pronunciation and a bad spelling. Singalese (and Sauscrit) d is expressed in the Madras Presidency generally by th, but quite erroneously, and European foreigners might suppose this th = the English th, whereas in all the world only Todas and Danes have the English th. Even the Greek theta O is not quite the same. [I doubt the implied Arian etymology. Dina vel thina = day and to-day, is thoroughly Turánian.-B. H. H.] T = d, and aspiration neutral, are characteristically Turánian, and so also a hard nasal sound followed by t rather than by d.] separate vowels.-B. H. H.] Better Krámam. The separation of the coalescing consonants being a mere trick of Támil. [Such separation is nevertheless normally Dravidian.-B. H. H.] Tahappen { Keramam } Inthu } Eindu. [I never use the diphthong ei so common in European writing of Dravidian tongues. Pattu. With me é makes ai, and á, au, and ó, ou. I never confound these two latter. The sliding French u I present in the form of eu, or in combination with a precedent conso- nant in the form of yú, thus English puling and tune I write pyúling and tyún. The French j and u as seen in jeu d'esprit are among the commonest and most characteristic cf Turánian sounds. I write them separately, z and eu, united zyú.-B. H. H.) These are slips of the pen in the English column. The latter is inferred from the Malabar terms. fore, must be incorrect. } } Nittirei and Alukei (rather Alugei) are substantival forms = the sleeping and the weeping. } = } REMARKS.—I give the above as they reached me without entirely assenting to the value set on such precision by the venerable author of these corrections, or always even approving the corrections, for the more ample and careful becomes our survey of the Turánian tongues, the more deep is the conviction that the largest commutability of consonants and vowels is normal in this family of tongues, that local varieties of utterance are not to be reduced to a quasi-exotic standard, and that Akayam and Keramam, for instance, reflecting as they do the well-known preference of Tamil for surds and its aversion to heaped consonants, may very reasonably be preferred to Agayam and Kramam. Mr. Schmid's conjecture that the English th is known only to the Todas is incorrect, for the Burmese and Kúkis, as well as some Himalayan and Sifanese tongues, have the sound ; and likewise the Todava proneness to blend the sounds of s, z, and the English th, and the latter also with d, like the Támulians of the Eastern Coast. My Ceylonese papers were prepared for me by a gentleman who used the ordinary English way of representing Oriental words. I myself always use the Continental, but the other does not mislead me. The Nilgirian vocabularies are framed on the latter model. The cerebral letters are indicated by an italic letter, thus, t, d, l; ch is to be pronounced as in English much ; ch with the mark 7 above, as in Gaelic loch ; and in Toda th is always to be sounded the English way.-B. H. H. ON THE ABORIGINES OF SOUTHERN INDIA AND CEYLON. a To the Secretaries of the Asiatic Sociсty. GENTLEMEN,—In prosecution of the steps already taken by me, and recorded in our Journal, for obtaining ready and effective means of comparing the affinities of all the various aboriginal races tenanting the whole continent of India, I have now the honour to submit a comparative vocabulary of seven of the Southern tongues. Five of them belong to the cultivated class of these tongues, viz., Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Carnataka, Tulava; and two to the uncultivated class, viz., Curgi and Todava. The former are given both in the ancient and modern form, and care has been taken to procure the genuine vocables instead of those words of Sanscrit origin which are now so apt to be substituted for them, especially in intercourse with Europeans. I am indebted for these vocabularies to Mr. Walter Elliot of Madras, whose name is a sufficient warrant for their perfect accuracy. In regard to these cultivated tongues of the south, Mr. Elliot observes that the aptitude of the people at present to substitute prákritic words for aboriginal ones is such a stumbling-block in the search for affinities as it requires pains and knowledge to avoid ; and he instances (among others) the common use of the borrowed word rakta, for blood, in lieu of the native te rm néthar, by which latter alone we are enabled to trace the unquestionable ethnic relationship of the Gónds (even those north of the Vindhia) with the remote southerns speaking Telugu, Cannadi, and Tulava. On the subject of the local limits and mutual influence at the present day of the cultivated languages of the south upon each other, Mr. Elliot has the following remarks :-“All the Southern dialects become considerably intermixed as they approach each other's limits. Thus the three words for egg used indifferently by the people speaking Canarese (matté, tetti, gadda), are evidently obtained, the first from the Tamulian, |
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