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English.

Toda.

Kota.

Kurumba.

Dual is the same as plural; adding only the numeral two after the pronoun instead of ella = all

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Badaga.

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adu posso

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huiyutale
huiyutade

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They all strike

avarellam burthtsti

avarella huidara

avarella posso

nivella huiyutiri avarella huiyutare

A dog

noi

nai

nai

nai

áed

Two dogs. Dual Dogs. Plural

áed noi

yeradu nai

yede

}

nai

yeradu nai

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(1) No plural. (See naigalu remarks.) eiyane

tande

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It is wanting It is wanting

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For omitted Pronouns, sec elsewhere. + Dual is not a separate form, but rendu = 2, is added after pronoun instead of ella, as Nam rendál adikeme, &c.

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Corrections by the Rev. B. SCHMID, in the " Malabar" words of the Ceylonese Vocabularies.

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CORRECTION.

Agáyam. Agáam: the y merely intercalary. Irattam. Rattam: the i servile Sanscrit rak tam.

Pású. Both syllables short: accent not = long vowel or syllable. It often falls on a short syllable.

{Kágam. Kakei. Kakkei, which is the English mode of lengthening the a by making the accent coincide

it, could not be understood.

Nál. Naul would be pronounced Nowl on the continent of Europe, and would mislead.
These words, seemingly so different, are identical, the difference resulting merely from bad pronunciation
and a bad spelling. Singalese (and Sanscrit) d is expressed in the Madras Presidency generally by th,
but quite erroneously, and European foreigners might suppose this th the English th, whereas in all

doubt the implied Arian etymology. Dina vel thina =
the world only Todas and Danes have the English th. Even the Greek theta O is not quite the same. [I
day and to-day, is thoroughly Turánian.-B. H. H.]
Tagappen. [Hard h = k vel g, throughout the Turánian area.-B. H. H.]

Tandei.

Pú.

Tatei. {d, and aspiration neutral, are characteristically Turánian, and so also a hard nasal

sound followed by t rather than by d.]

Min. [These are merely the Gilchristian and Jonesian representations of vowels.-B. H. H.]

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Dáâsa separate vowels.-B. H. H.] Canarese Diasa and Latin Dies. [Query. W, like y, is an intercalary consonant, used normally to

Irátir.

Natchétiram Sanscrit Nakshatra. The native word is ván mín = fishes of the sky, for stars. [In Newári
the stars are called forest or jungle of the sky.—B. H. H.]
Kerámam Better Krámam. The separation of the coalescing consonants being a mere trick of Tamil.
[Such separation is nevertheless normally Dravidian.-B. H. H.]
Adu. [Ah' is merely the abrupt accent separating the root a and the servile du ve thu.—B. H. H.]
Ningal. [U for n is a misprint merely.-B. H. H.]

Avargal. [Gal = kal, plural sign. But gal is better after a liquid.-B. H. H.]

Avar. [Misprint merely.-B. H. H.]

Ennudéyadu. Enadu.

And so also read Avanudéyadu and erase Avarudeyadu, which is the

Ummudéyadu. Umadu. } plural.

Avarudéyadu, just cited. In the neuter, avattin.

Inthu

}

Eindu.
Pattu.

Eimpattu.

Idattu.

With me é makes ai, and á, au, and ó, ou. [I never use the diphthong ei so common in European writing of Dravidian tongues. I never confound these two latter. The sliding French u I present in the form of eu, or in combination with a precedent consonant in the form of yú, thus English puling and tune I write pyúling and tyún. The French j and u as seen in jeu d'esprit are among the commonest and most characteristic Külé. Long German dotted ü, or French ú. cf Turánian sounds. I write them separately, z and eu, united zyú.-B. H. H.]

Nétu.

Ingé. Angé. Engé.

Metta.

Edukkágu.

This. That.

Moustachio.

Malabar terms.
These are slips of the pen in the English column. The latter is inferred from the

fore, must be incorrect.
The Hindi and Urdu relative and correlative are wholly unknown in Tamil.

Túngu. Alu.

Nittirei and Alukei (rather Alugei) are substantival forms

Whatever is put down, there

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the sleeping and the weeping.

Ulukkáru. Iru means literally be, but is often used for sit.

But ulukkáru is the proper word for sit down.

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These are compounds from the verbs come and go, and mean taking come and taking go.

Nada. Odu.

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walk and run. Thal suffix means the doing; maduthal in Canarese to do. Nada and odu are quite enough for

REMARKS.—I give the above as they reached me without entirely assenting to the value set on such precision by the venerable author of these corrections, or always even approving the corrections, for the more ample and careful becomes our survey of the Turánian tongues, the more deep is the conviction that the largest commutability of consonants and vowels is normal in this family of tongues, Agayam and Kramam. Mr. Schmid's conjecture that the English th that local varieties of utterance are not to be reduced to a quasi-exotic standard, and that Akayam and Keramam, for instance, reflecting as they do the well-known preference of Támil for surds and its aversion to heaped consonants, may very reasonably be preferred to known only to the Tódas is incorrect, for the Burmese and does not mislead me. Kúkis, as well as some Himalayan and Sifanese tongues, have the sound; and likewise the Todava proneness to blend the sounds of s, z, and the English th, and the latter also with d, like the Támulians of the Eastern Coast. My Ceylonese papers were prepared for me by a sounded the English way.-B. H. H. gentleman who used the ordinary English way of representing Oriental words. I myself always use the Continental, but the other The Nilgirian vocabularies are framed on the latter model. The cerebral letters are indicated by an italic letter, thus, t, d, l; ch is to be pronounced as in English much; ch with the mark above, as in Gaelic loch; and in Toda th is always to be

151

ON THE ABORIGINES OF SOUTHERN INDIA
AND CEYLON.

To the Secretaries of the Asiatic Society.

GENTLEMEN,-In prosecution of the steps already taken by me, and recorded in our Journal, for obtaining ready and effective means of comparing the affinities of all the various aboriginal races tenanting the whole continent of India, I have now the honour to submit a comparative vocabulary of seven of the Southern tongues. Five of them belong to the cultivated class of these tongues, viz., Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Carnataka, Tulava; and two to the uncultivated class, viz., Curgi and Todava. The former are given both in the ancient and modern form, and care has been taken to procure the genuine vocables instead of those words of Sanscrit origin which are now so apt to be substituted for them, especially in intercourse with Europeans. I am indebted for these vocabularies to Mr. Walter Elliot of Madras, whose name is a sufficient warrant for their perfect accuracy.

In regard to these cultivated tongues of the south, Mr. Elliot observes that the aptitude of the people at present to substitute prákritic words for aboriginal ones is such a stumbling-block in the search for affinities as it requires pains and knowledge to avoid; and he instances (among others) the common use of the borrowed word rakta, for blood, in lieu of the native term néthar, by which latter alone we are enabled to trace the unquestionable ethnic relationship of the Gónds (even those north of the Vindhia) with the remote southerns speaking Telugu, Cannadi, and Tulava.

On the subject of the local limits and mutual influence at the present day of the cultivated languages of the south upon each other, Mr. Elliot has the following remarks:-"All the Southern dialects become considerably intermixed as they approach each other's limits. Thus the three words for egg used indifferently by the people speaking Canarese (matté, tetti, gadda), are evidently obtained, the first from the Tamulian,

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