vernaculars of the so-called Arian class of tongues in the plains―traces, I conceive, of primitive Turánianism as palpable as are to be found in the secondary terms (bhat-wat, mar-dal (vide infra), kapra-latta, &c.) of the Prákrits, and which their grammarians can only explain by calling them tautological sing-song. That all such terms are really genuine samples of the double words so common throughout the Turánian area, and that the latter member of each term is Turánian, I trust by and by to have time to show. Meanwhile, and with reference to the Tartar substitute for the voices, here are a few examples:

By me struck I struck, active voice.

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Tibetan, ngági dúng; Newári, jing daye; Háyu, g'ha toh’mi; Khas, mailé kútyo; Urdu, main nè kúța.

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Me struck I was struck, passive voice.

Tibetan, ngála dúng; Newári, jita dála; Háyu, go toh'mi; Khas, manlai kútyo; Urdu, mujh ko kúṭa (subaudi, usnè).

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The languages which employ conjunct suffix pronouns have a form precisely equivalent to the latter, e.g., Sontál dál-éng, and Hayu toh'-múm struck me. And observe that Sontál dál, to strike, reproduces not only the widespread dá vel tá root of the north, but also the 1 of Newári dála,* as to which see remarks on the transitive and preterite sign aforegone, and Urdu már-dál, with its comment.

With regard to the personal endings or pronominal suffixes of the Nilgirian verbs, their obscurity is sufficiently conformable to the cultivated Dravirian models, with due allowance for mistakes on the part of the rude speakers of the former tongues. Something may also be ascribed with probability to decomposition and disuetude. But upon the whole we cannot doubt that these tongues belong to the pronomenalised class, and that, for example, the ni and mi of Toda tinsbi-ni, I eat;

* Observe also that Jita dála reproduces the objective sign, ta vel da, above spoken of. Compare latada and Cicero t. As a transitive sign of verbs it is most widely diffused, and nearly as widely are ka vel ga, and pa, vel ba, vel va. Sa vel cha is a very widely diffused neuter sign which also can be traced indubitably to the third pronoun used to denote the object-in this case, the agent himself or itself. The French forms, Je lève and Je me lève, &c., very well serve to indicate the latter form, though not the former of Turánian verbs.

tinsbi-mi, we eat; with the an, al, ad of nidre-madut-an, maḍutal, maḍut-ad, he, she, it sleeps, of Kurumba, are instances of suffixed pronouns. And now, having already remarked sufficiently upon the other peculiarities of the Nilgiri pronouns under the head of "pronoun," I shall here bring these remarks, suggested by the Nilgirian vocabularies, to a close.

P.S.-Of the many resembling or identical words in the Himalayan and Dravidian tongues I say nothing at present. Those who meanwhile wish to see them, have only to consult the several vocabularies printed in the Journal.

But with reference to what I have stated above, that there exists an authentic tradition (reduced to writing some five hundred years. back) identifying the people of the Malabar coast with those of Népál proper (or the Newár tribe), I may just point to such words as wá vel vá = come, and sumaka silent, as perfectly the same in form and meaning both in the Newár language and in that of the Nilgirians.

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No preterite +

nodide

nósipe

kande

ná pátu kónde

I will see

The future is the same as the present tense in all these tongues

I sleep

vorchsbini

voragine

nidre madutine (sleep ná kada ke, na ka

She sleeps

vorchsti

voragla

voriglo

nidre madutale

kadandu

I cause to make

madisine

kesiken

madisutine

(About the Passive, see Remarks.)

+ Adverbs of time used to mark tense. I sleep yesterday I slept. I sleep to-morrow = I will sleep.