of the decade; and also, by reduplication, itsuts, 'five', = hand = finger-finger, and tsuds, 'ten', hands. Compare the Gafat (Abyssinia) edzhedzhe, 'hand', a reduplication of edzhe, 'one', i. e. 'finger'. Removing the suffix, -ts, we shall next find the following Japanese names for I, III, IV, and their doubles, 11, VI, VIII: 6 Though four' is the double of'two', yet it could not be obtained by modifying f'ta, 'two': for f'ta is itself only a modification of its half, fito, 'one'. A new word is thus required for four'. From these six forms we may see that plurality, or duality, is implied in Japanese numerals by a change of vowel; in two cases out of three, by changing o into a. There is something like this in Koriak, where, as Pott has noticed, 'three' seems converted into four' by the same change of o into a; as in ngroka, ngraka―rohgau, ragau— niyokh, niyakh-n'roch, n'rach, three, four'. Here the change might be an indication of doubling, if three' were 21, and four', 2 + 2 x 1; i. e., if ni, n', ng be 'two', as ni, nyi, gni, are in Nepal, and if yokh, roch, roka, be 'one', as yek, ri, rik, are in Nepal, and as roka is in the North Australian of Croker Island, a numeral allied perhaps to the rujut, 'fingers', of Port Essington.1 A like peculiarity exists in Kamtshatkan 'threes' and 'fours':tshok, tshak--tshúk, tshaak-tsúk, tshaak-tzogeltsh, tzageltsh tshúk, tshaaka. Here tza, tsha, may be 'two', while tzo, tsho, tsu, tshu, are 'one'. As o thus seems singular, and a dual, in Japanese, it becomes probable that no in koko-no, nine', is 'one', and 6 1 Compare the Peruvian (Quichua) rukkana, finger'. that na, in na-na, 'seven', is 'two', or at any rate the double of no, whatever no be. If it be one', then koko-, in koko-no, nine', would be 'eight', and thus resolve itself into ko + ko, 'four + four', which would tend to identify ko with the previous yo, 'four'. If the second na, in na-na, 'seven', is 'two', then the first na ought to be 'five': but it might be better to consider nana to be = nan-na, and to suppose nan, 'five, hand', to be produced by a reduplication of the n finger, as itsuts, 'five', would be by a reduplication of the ts finger. We find among Algonkin 'fives' in North America such forms as nan, nane, nanau, noane, nanweh, which could all be produced by reduplication from the n finger which appears in the Etchemin pet-in, 'hand', the Yankton na-pai, 'hand', the Winebago naa-p, 'fingers', and the Wallawalla na-pit, 'two'. With pet- and -pit, in these American words, and with some other similar words, such as the Basque bat, 'one' (ante, p. 14), may be compared the Japanese finger-name f-t (the only one which contains more than one consonantal sound), as in like manner the generic Japanese 'finger', its or ts, may be compared with the Basque atz, 'finger', and its parallels. These two leading Japanese 'fingers', its, fito, differ little from the two elements, az and baz, which make up the great azbaz, 'five', as in the Basque zaz-pi, ‘seven', the Zend kh-svas, 'six', and the Natchez shpedes, 'five'. The compound its-fito would be like the Pawnee has-peet, ‘fingers', the Natchez is-peshe and the Catawba eeksa-peeah, ‘hand', and the Mexican icz-itl, 'foot'. See ante, pp. 7-10. As ka would, according to analogy, be the double of ko in Japanese numeration, it does not appear why the Japanese nine' should not have been ka-nots, 8 + 1, instead of the longer ko-ko-nots, 4 + 4 + 1: and indeed the kindred Luchu seems to have preferred the shorter form; for, while it has yatsi, 'eight', by the side of the Japanese yats, it has kannizi, nine', by the side of the Japanese kokonots: i. e., it apparently employs ka as equivalent to koko. The next list will include, in three divisions, the l hands which are used numerically. The last of these three divisions is the most important, and serves to explain the English eleven (in Chaucer, enleven) and twelve, where -leven and -lve are clearly ten', of which the natural exponent is 'hands' or 'fingers', so that we need hardly hesitate to resort to the Gothic lofa, 'palm', in explanation of -leven. The Lithuanian -lika, '-leven, -teen', would also probably be 'hands', though there is no similar hand' near the Lithuanian country. Africa 1. Momenya lae-ku, 'foot-sole'. 1 As pere means 'nails' in Australia, the Tasmanian pereloki, 'nails', would probably imply loki, 'finger'. Tibet (Takpa) lemi, 'foot'. Fin kolmi, three', i. e. two from five'.1 Lapponic kolm, 'three'. Hungarian lab, 'foot'. Butan lappa, 'hand'. N. Assam (Miri) leppa, 'foot'. Afghan lapa, 'space within closed hand'. Malay -lapan, 'ten'.2 English -leven, -lve, 'ten'. Old Frisian -lova, 'ten'. Swedish -lofva, -lfva, -lf, 'ten'. lofve, inner hand'. Gothic lofa, inner hand'. 1 The Fin kah-deksa, 'eight', i. e. 'two from ten' (ante, p. 20, note 3), would be formed in the same manner as ko-lmi, where ko- may which is virtually the same as the Fin kak(si), 'two'. = kah-, 2 In Malay, sa is 'one', duwa is 'two', du-lapan and dâ lapan are IIX, and sa-lapan is IX. Therefore -lapan is x. Tibet (Takpa) lá, 'hand'. Circassian tle, 'foot' (in Hunter, tlako). As the Basque, or Spanish Iberian, 'four' is like the Burmese and Nepalese four', so the Caucasian Iberian 'three' is like the three' which prevails, not merely in Burmah and Nepal, but also over Tibet, China, and the Indo-Chinese Peninsula in general. The following words all mean three': |