words just compared. How did such African 'fives' and 'hands' become separated from their kindred 'fives' and 'hands' in the Himalaya? Or, in other words, how came the similar and connecting 'fives' and 'hands' to disappear from Persia (where the Aryans would have subsequently reintroduced them), as well as from Assyria, Syria, Egypt, and Libya? With regard to the last four countries the answer is not difficult. It was the Semitic and Sub-Semitic nations who expelled or obliterated the words in question : and from Persia such words may have been eradicated by the following hand-five, which originated perhaps in the Caucasus :

Intrusive Aryan (Armenian, Persian, and Sanskritic).

Aboriginal Indian hath, 'hand'.

With these might be classed the Samoyed 'hands', ut,

utte, yutu, utö, ude, uda.

The following 'hand' belongs to the same countries as

Burmah ka, 'hand'.

Siamese kha, 'hand'.

Chinese kio, 'foot'.

Of these two classes of 'hand', which are at once Finnish, Caucasian, and Aboriginal Indian, there may possibly be a very ancient trace in Italy, between the Spanish Iberia and the Caucasian. For, on a pair of dice found in Etruria, huth is four', and ki is 'five', both numerals probably belonging to the Pre-Aryan dwellers in that country, or being Pelasgian instead of Etruscan or Rasenic. Now the Finnish kat and ki, or the Caucasian khut and khe, or the Indian hut and ki, or the Burmese khut and ka, all signifying 'hand', or in one case 'five', would suffice to explain huth, four', and ki, five', if huth were resolved into h-uth, h-(h)uth, or (h)-huth, one from five', IV, as the Hungarian h-at and other 'sixes' (ante, p. 14) resolve themselves into one to five', VI. In connection with these two hands', which may thus have extended from the Pre-Aryan Italians and the Fins, through the Caucasus, to the Aboriginal Indians on both sides of the Ganges; and also in connexion with the resemblance, to be noticed later, between the Basque lau, 'four', and the Burmese and Nepalese le, ‘four'; it may be worth while to subjoin the following names of animals, as indicating similar affinities:1

6

1 Compare Hunter's Non-Aryan Languages, p. 21.

'Cow'. Basque; bei.

Nepal; bi, bí, bía, pí.
Tibet; ba.

The Georgian khbo, hbo, 'calf', as well as the Latin bos (base, bov) and our English cow would be other kindred

terms.

'Hog'. Basque; cherri, charri, yerri, urde.

Nepal; har'ra.

Georgia; ghori.

Greece; χοῖρος.

'Dog'. Basque; chakur, zakur, ora, potzo.

Nepal; kúkúr, urí, khí.

Sanskrit; kukkura.

Central India; kukkúr.

Southern India; kukka.

Tibet; khí, khu.

Circassia; khah.

Mingrelia; goghori (ý = English j).
Finland; koira.

Yula (Sudan, Africa); kukúra, kúra.

The Basque potzo, 'dog', is like the German petze, 'bitch', and the Southern Indian (Mayalalma) paṭṭi, 'dog'.

'Bird'. Basque; chori, pizti, egazti.

Nepal; chari, chada, chakpu.

Brahui; chuk.

Burmah; aroi.

Central India; chodai, ure, piska, pitte.

Southern India; piṭṭa.

Peru (Quichua); pisku, pichu.

In Senegambia there are these words for 'bird' to compare

with the last Basque word for bird', egazti :-ukash (Bola and Sarar); okash (Papel). For the Basque arrai,‘fish, we have also the following African parallels in Senegambia and Guinea :—yarei (Soso); eri (Sobo); ero (Bidsogo).

'Ant'. Basque; chingurri, chindurri, inurri.

Nepal; chigi, chiká-repú, cheunta, chiki-bulla.

Central India; chima, chutti, chati.

Southern India; chíma, cheduttu.

The Afghan chingaey, 'insect, worm', appears to be another word allied to the Basque chingurri, ant'; and it may be suspected, especially from the Nepalese forms, chiká-repú and chiki-bulla, that the first element in ant' is to be found among the following terms, where the Basque and the Nepalese so singularly coincide:

'Little'. Basque; chiki, chume, tipi, nimiño, mendre.1 Nepal; chigo, chúmba, choh'mi, tippe.

Sikkim; achim, chimbo.

Central India; chinna.

Southern India; chiki, chinna, sinna.

As 'little' is patara in Georgian, and pataro, chudor, loro, in Gondi, the Caucasian as well as Pyrenean Iberian would present itself among the Aboriginal Indians. The Aryans, or Indo-Germans, in Asia and Europe, seem to have intruded upon a group of nations who might be styled IndoCaucasians, and who may previously have displaced an earlier Ethiopian population (see ante, p. 27). Caucasus would have sent forth its swarms first, and Imaus afterwards. Remove intrusive Aryans and Turks, and there is nothing to divide the Caucasians from the Basques, the Fins, and the Dravidas.

In the last hands' cited (pp. 36, 37) there is apparent affinity between the Fins and the Aboriginal Indians; an affinity which may, however, be more remarkably exhibited in the following Finnish and Aboriginal Indian fours', where the initial n would imply 'one' subtractive, 'four' being one from five', IV, like the Etrurian h-uth (p. 37):—

'Foot'.

Finnish-Tsherimis jal.

'Four'.

n-ül-Ostiak.

1 Mendre is Aryan: cf. Gaelic mean, Armenian manr, 'little', etc.

Several of the previous Indian 'feet' have additional parallels among the northern Turanian languages :Southern and Central Indian kal, 'foot'.

kál, 'foot'.

kálu, 'foot'.

ále, 'foot'.

Nepal (Sunwar) khweli, 'foot'.2

Turkish kul, 'hand'.

kol, 'hand'.

kal, 'hand'.

khal, 'hand'.

al, 'hand'.

el, 'hand'.

Mongolian khoil, 'foot'.

khol, 'foot'.

khul, 'foot'.

köl, 'foot'.

1 By affixing -tz, 'two', to such a 'four' as the Syrianic njolj, we get the Hungarian nyoltz, 'eight', = 4 × 2; and by adding ki-, ' one', to nyoltz, 'eight', we might get the Hungarian kilentz (for kineltz), ‘nine'. 2 Compare the Georgian kheli, 'hand'.