annexation of the Punjab and its
pacification, 413; loyalty of the Sikhs
during the Mutiny of 1857, 419, 420.
Siladitya, Buddhist King of Northern
India (634 A.D.), 156.

Silk and sericulture, 511-515; the Com-
pany's factories, 511-512; area and
out-turn, 512, 513; silk-weaving in
Bengal, Burma, and Assam, 602, 603;
jungle silks (tasar), 513, 514; steam
silk factories, 603.

Silt islands in the Brahmaputra, 14, 15;
in the estuaries and along the sea face
of Bengal, 24, 25.

Silver.-See PRECIOUS METALS.
Sindhia, the family name of the ruler
of the Maráthá State of Gwalior in
Central India; rise of the family to
power, 322; wars with the English, 323.
Singha and Sena dynasties of Surashtra
(70 B.C.-235 A.D.), 182.

Siraj-ud-daula, Nawab of Bengal (1756-
57), 380-382; capture of Calcutta by,
the Black Hole, 380, 381; recapture
of Calcutta and the battle of Plassey,
381, 382.

Sirhind canal, 532.

Sittar, a theistic school of Tamil hym-
nologists, 332, 333-

Siva, the Destroyer and Reproducer, the
third person in the Hindu triad, 98;
his twofold aspects, 211, 212.
Sivaji the Great, the consolidator of the
Maráthá power (1627-80), 317-319;
his hill forts and guerilla warfare,
318, 319; coins money and enthrones
himself, 319.

Siva-worship, 210-215; twofold aspects
of Siva and his wife - their philo-
sophical and their terrible forms,
211, 212; human sacrifice, 212, 213;
the Charak-pujá or swinging festival,
213; the thirteen Sivaite sects, 213,
214; gradations of Siva-worship, 214;
secret orgies in Siva-worship, 215;
Siva and Vishnu compared, 215.
Siwálik hills, an offshoot of the Hima-
layas, geology of, 632, 633.
Slate, 628.

Slave kings, The (1206-90 A.D.), 278-
280; Kutab-ud-din, 278; Altamsh, the
greatest of the Slave kings, 279;
the Empress Raziyá, 279; Mughal
inroads and Rajput revolts,
280; Balban, his cruelties and royal
pensioners, 280.

Slavery and serfdom, 49.

279,

Slow progress of Muhammadans in India,

Hindu resistance and internal revolts;
reconquest of India from the Musal-
máns, 269, 270.

Smárta Bráhmans of Southern India, 209,

210.

Smith, Colonel Baird, Calcutta Journal
of Natural History, quoted, 27.
Sobráon, Battle of, 411.

Somnath, Sack of, by Mahmid of
Ghazní (1024 A.D.), 293, 274 Te
Somnath proclamation and procession
of the so-called gates by Lord Ellen-
borough, 409.

Son canal and irrigation works, 534, 535-
Spices, Cultivation of, 490, 491.
Sridhar, Maráthí poet of the 16th
century, and compiler of the Marith
paraphrase of the Sanskrit Puránas,
346.
Srimanta Sadagar, famous Bengali poem
of the 16th century by Makunda Ram,
351.

Stamp revenue, 467.

State railway system, 547, 548.
Statistical Survey of Bengal, completion
of, 443.

St. Bartholomew the Apostle, his preach-
ings and alleged conversion of India
testified to by Pantænus (190 A.D.)
and Hippolytus (220 A.D.), 235-
St. Thomas the Apostle, the traditionary
founder of Christianity in India, 229,
230; the three St. Thomas of India,
and the legends connected with each,
230-232; tradition of the Indian King
Gondaphorus and St. Thomas, 232,
233; Gondaphorus an Indo - Scythic
Punjab monarch, 233; wide meaning
of India in the writings of the Fathers,
233, 234; St. Thomas' work in Pers a
and Central Asia instead of in India
proper, 235; localization of the legend
of St. Thomas in North India or
Persia, 237; shrine of St. Thomas at
Madras, 237; mixed worship at St.
Thomas' Mount, Madras; 238; St.
Thomas' relics at Goa, 238; the St.
Thomas' Nestorian Christians, a power-
ful and respected military caste in
Southern India, 241;
downfall of
Nestorianism, 241-243.

St. Thomas the Apostle of India, by the
Rev. Dr. Kennet, quoted, 233 (footnote
3); 235 (footnote); 237 (footnote 4);
239 (footnote 1).

St. Xavier, his labours in India, 244, 245.
Steel, Mr. Arthur, Law and Custom of

Hindu Castes, quoted, 195 (footnote 2),
Stephens, Thomas, the first authentic
English traveller in India, and rector
of the Jesuit College at Salsette (1579
A.D.), 363, 364.

Stevenson, David, Canal and River
Engineering, quoted, 23.

Strachey, General Sir R., calculations
on the age of the Bengal delta, 28.
Straits Settlements, India's trade with,
577; 579, 580.

'Strikes' among Indian castes, 198.
Su, a Tartar tribe, their overthrow of
the Greek settlements in Bactria, 175.
Subuktigin, first Túrkí invader of India
(977 A.D.), 272.

Sudhanwan's alleged persecution of the
Buddhists, 191 and footnotes.
Súdras, the servile caste of ancient India,
90, 91.

Suez Canal, Trade with India vid, 564,
565; 581.

Sufed Koh, range in Afghánistán, an
offshoot of the Himalayas, 3.
Sugar-cane, Cultivation of, 491.

Sugar duties, Abolition of Inland (1836),
562.

Suláimán range of hills, marking a
portion of the western boundary
between British territory and Afghánis-
tán, 3; 6.

Sun-spot cycles, 650, 651.

Sun-worship, Traces of, among the San-
táls, 58.

Surat, English obtain leave to trade at
(1612 A.D.), 366; defeat of the Portu-
guese fleet at Swally, the port of Surat,
by Captain Best (1615 A.D.), 366;
Surat, the chief seat of the Company's
government in Western India till
1684-87, when it was transferred to
Bombay, 370; Surat pillaged by Sivají
(1664), 370; treaty of Surat between
Raghunath Ráo and the British, 391.
Súr Dás, poet of Mathura in the 16th
century, and author of the Súrsagár,
345.

'Survey' land tenure in Bombay, its
simplicity, advantages, and disadvan
tages, 448, 449.

Sutlej, great river of the Punjab and

chief tributary of the Indus, II.
Sútras or sacred Sanskrit traditions, 89.
Swally, Defeat of the Portuguese fleet at
(1615), 366.

Swedish East India Company, 376.
Synod of Diamper (1599 A.D.), 241.
Syrian Christians in India, their numbers
and antiquity, 230; Syrian Catholics
in Malabar, 243, 244; Syrian rite re-
formed, 245; Syrian and Roman
Catholic Christians at the present day,
257, 258.

T

Táj Mahál, The, 112; 304.
Takht-i-Suláimán, mountain in the Sulái-
mán range, 6.

Takkas, a Turanian race, and the earliest
inhabitants of Ráwal Pindi District,
164 (footnote 2); their present descend-
ants, 184.

743

Takshaks, an early Scythian tribe in the
Punjab, 184, 185.

Tál, mountain pass over the Brahui hills
from the Punjab into Baluchistán, 6.
Tálikot, Battle of, and overthrow of the
Vijayanagar kingdom (1565 A.D.), 288.
Tálukdárs or great landlords of Oudh,
451, 452.

Tamil, the oldest and most influential
of the vernacular literatures of Southern
India, 330; first cultivation of Tamil
by the sage Agastya, 330, 331; Jain
cycle of Tamil literature from the 9th
to the 13th century, 331; its great
Pariah poet and poetess (900 A.D.?),
331; the Tamil Rámáyana, 331;
Sivaite and Vishnuite Tamil hym-
nologies, 332; the Sittar or anti-
Brahmanical Tamil poets of the 17th
century, 332; modern Tamil writers,
333; Beschi, the Jesuit priest, 333;
recent statistics of Tamil literature, 333.
Tantrik sect of Siva-worshippers, 214.
Tartar overthrow of Greek conquests in

Bactria, 175.-See also SCYTHIC IN-

VASIONS.

Tasar, or jungle silkworm, 34; 513, 514.
Tassy, Garcin de, Histoire de la Littéra-

ture Hindouie et Hindoustanie, quoted,
343 and footnote I.

Taxation of India under the Mughal
Emperors (1593-1761 A.D.), 299; taxa-
tion under the Mughals and the British,
463, 464; taxation in Native States,
464; incidence of taxation in British
India, 464, 465.-See also FINANCES
and REVENUE SYSTEM.

Taxila, ancient town in Rawal Pindi
District, Punjab, the home of the
Takkas, identified with the ruins of
Deri Sháhan, 164 (footnote 2); 184.
Tea cultivation and manufacture, 504-
509; indigenous to Assam, 504; early
experiments and failures, 504, 505;
rapid progress of the industry, 505;
statistics of out turn, 505-507:
varieties of the plant, 508; the work
of a tea-garden, 508, 509; export of
tea, 575.

Teak forests, 39; 42.

Tegnapatam (Fort St. David), East
India Company's factory established at
(1686-92), 371.

Temperature of various meteorological
stations in India, 647-649.--See also
METEOROLOGY OF INDIA.

Temple's, Sir R., Minute on the balance
of Indian trade, 581-583.
Tenancy (Bengal) Bill, 429.
Tenant-right in Bengal, compensation for
disturbance, 444, 445.

Thagi or professional strangling, Sup-
pression of, by Lord W. Bentinck, 405.

Thall Ghát, mountain pass in the
Western Ghats, 37.

Thána, a Jesuit station (1550 A.D.), its
colony of Christian craftsmen and
cultivators, 247, 248.

Thání ráyats, or stationary husbandmen,
48.

Theistic movements in Vishnuite reli-
gious reforms, 223; theistic hymns,
332, 333

Thomas the Apostle, Thomas the
Manichæan, and Thomas the Armenian
merchant, conversion of India variously
ascribed to.-See chap. ix., Christi-
anity in India,' 229-238.
Thomas, Mr. E., Paper on the Sáh and
Gupta coins, in the Report of the
Archeological Survey of Western India
for 1874-75, quoted, 147 (footnote);
172 (footnotes 1 and 2); 175 (foot-
note 3); 182 (footnotes I and 4);
Jainism, or the Early Faith of Asoka,
160 (footnote); Revenue Resources
of the Mughal Empire, 271 (footnote);
297 (footnote 2); 297, 301 (foot-
note 1), 304, 305 (footnote); 311
(footnote); Chronicle of the Pathán
Kings of Delhi, 271 (footnote), 280,
281 (footnotes); 283 (footnotes 1 and 2);
284 (footnote); 285 (footnote 3); 287
(footnote 2); 291 (footnote); 298 (foot-
note 2).

Thorne's, Major William, Memoir of
the War in India conducted by General
Lord Lake, 317 (footnote 1).
Tibetan ideas and early traditions of
Buddhism, 176-178.

Tibeto-Burmans, non-Aryan tribes of
the lower Himálayas, their languages,
63; 68.

Tiger, The Indian, 652, 653; man-eating
tigers, 653.

Tile pottery of the Punjab and Sind, 608.
Timber trees, 34; 39; 41.-See also
FOREST DEPARTMENT.

Timúr (Tamerlane), Invasion of India
by (1398 A.D.), 285.
Tin in British Burma, 42; 626.
Tipu Sultán, son of Haidar Alí; second
Mysore war (1790-94), 394; third
Mysore war (1799); fall of Seringa-
patam and death of Tipú, 396, 397.
Tistá, river of Bengal, its changes of
course, 30.

Titles of Siva and his wife in their
different Aryan and non-Aryan forms,

211, 212.

Tobacco cultivation and manufacture,
growth of the trade, 42; 499, 500.
Tod, Colonel, Annals and Antiquities of
Rajasthan, quoted, 180 (footnotes I
and 3); 184 (footnote 2); 185 (foot-
notes 1 and 3).

Todar Mall, Akbar's Hindu general and
finance minister, his revenue settle-
ment, 293, 300.

Tolerant spirit of Hinduism, 226, 227.
Topographia Christiana (Paris, 1707),
quoted, 183.

Towns and villages of British India class-
fied according to population, Appendix
II., 690.

Towns of British India with a popula
tion exceeding 20,000, Appendix VIII.,
696, 697.

Towns, Absence of large, in India, 46
Trade and commerce.-See COMMERCE
AND TRADE.

Trade, Tabular statement of, with foreign.
countries, 579.

Trade-guilds, 197, 198; guild-funds and
charities, trade versus caste interests
198, 199; caste a mutual insurance,'
and substitute for a poor law, 199.
Trade-unions.-See TRADE-GUILDS.
Trading castes in Northern and Southern
India, 591, 592.

Tranquebar, settlement of the Danish

East India Company (1616), acquired
by the English by purchase (1845), 372-
Trans-Himalayan trade, 586-590.
Treasure, Import of, proportion of ge
to silver, gold and silver currency, 505,
569.

Treaties, Early Indo-Greek (306 and 256
B.C.), 166; 170.

Tree and Serpent Worship, by Dr. J.
Fergusson, quoted, 204 (footnote 1).
Tribes of the North-Western Provinces,
by Sir Henry Elliot, 195 (footnote 2).
Troubles of the early Indian Church,
240.

Trumpp, Dr. E., Grammar of the Sinili
Language, quoted, 335.

Tsan-pu, the Tibetan name for the upper
waters of the Brahmaputra before it
forces its way through the Himalayas,

13.
Tue-chi overthrow of the Græco-Bactrian
settlement in the Punjab, 175.
Tughlak dynasty, The (1320-1414 A.D.),
283-286; Ghiyas -ud-din Tughlak
(1320-24), 283; Muhammad Tugh-
lak (1324-51), 283; his cruelties,
forced currency, etc., 283, 284; revolt
of the Provinces, 284; revenue exac-
tions, 284; 'man-hunts,' 284, 285;
Firuz Shah Tughlak (1357-88), 285;
Mahmud Tughlak, 285; Timúr's inva-
sion (1398), 285; ruin of the Tughlak
dynasty (1399-1414), 285, 286.
Tukarám, Maráthá Vishnuite religious
poet of the 17th century, 346.
Tungabhadra irrigation works, 536.
Turanian and Aryan migrations into India
from Central Asia, 174, 175.

Túrkí invasions of India, 272.
Turmeric, Export of, 575.

U

Udhanálá, Battle of, and defeat of Mir
Kásim, 386.

Umá, the Aryan form of the wife of Siva,
211, 212.

Unbeaten Tracks in Japan, by Miss Bird,
quoted, 152 (footnote 3); 202 (foot-
note 1); 224 (footnote 3).
Under-peopled Districts and Provinces,
47.

Unequal pressure of population on the
land, 49.

United States, India's trade with, 578,
579.

Universities, Indian, 475, 476.

Upendra Bhanj, Kájá of Gumsar, a
famous Uriyá poet, 344.

Uráons, an aboriginal tribe of Kols in
Western Bengal and Chutiá Nágpur,
71 (footnote).

Uriya vernacular writers and poets, 343,
344.

Usman's Arab expedition to Thána and

Broach (647 A.D.), 268.
Usurpation of Aurangzeb, and murder of
his brothers, 306, 307.

745

the king of death, 85; Vedic concep-
tions of immortality, 86; the Rig
Veda composed during the march of
the Aryans through Upper India, 86,
87; the Sama Veda, Yajur Veda, and
Atharva Veda composed at a later
date than the Rig-Veda, after the
Brahmans had established their priestly
power, 88; the Bráhmans or inspired
guides to the four Vedas, 88, 89.
Vegetables, Cultivation of, 490.
Vellore, Mutiny of (1806), 399.
Velvet work, 603.

Verapoli, Roman Catholic Vicariate, 257.
Vernacular journalism, 480, 481.
Vernaculars (Indian) and their Litera-
ture, chap. xiii. pp. 325-355. - See
INDIAN VERNACULARS AND THEIR
LITERATURE.

Viceroys and Governors - General of
India, 384.

Victoria-Gitika, a Sanskrit ode, in cele-
bration of the sovereigns of Eng-
land, 111.

Victoria Point, marking the extreme
eastern and southern limits of British

India, at the mouth of the Kra river,
the boundary between Tenasserim and
Siam, 4.

View of Hindu Law, by Mr. Nelson,
C.S., 195 (footnote 2).
Vijayanagar, Hindu kingdom of
Southern India (1185-1565 A.D.);
subjugation by the Muhammadans at
the battle of Talikot, 286; 288.
Vikramaditya, King of Ujjain

(57

B.C.); his war with the Scythian
invaders, 181.

Vincent's, Dean, Commerce and Nami-
gation of the Ancients in the Indian
Ocean, quoted, 164 (footnote I);
356 (footnote).

Vindhyas, range of mountains, 35, 36;
geology of, 635.

Vishnu, the Preserver, the second person
of the Hindu trinity, 98.-See also
HINDUISM.

Vishnuite symbols in Hinduism, 206.
Vishnu Purána, The, by Dr. H. H.
Wilson, quoted, 216, 217, and foot-

notes.

Vishnu-worship, 215-226; Vishnu and
Siva compared, 215; incarnations of
Vishnu, 215, 216; the Vishnu Purána,
the eighteen Puránas, 216, 217; Bráh-
manical and popular Vishnuism, 217;
Vishnuite religious reformers (1150,
1520 A.D.), 217-222; Vishnuite sects-
223; theistic movements in Vishnuisin,
223; Jagannáth, 223-225; the truth
about the Car Festival, 224, 225;
bloodless worship of Jagannáth, 225,
226.

3 B

Vital statistics of India, chap. xxv.
pp. 665-686. The principal sources
of health returns, 665; untrustworthy
registration statistics, 666, 667; death-
rate and average duration of life
in India, 666, 667; birth and death
rates for different Provinces, 667-679;
health and mortality in the European
army, 675; 680-682; in the native
army, 682-684; jail vital statistics,
684-686.

Von Bohlen, Das Alte Indien, quoted,
110 (footnote 2).

Vyása, Brahman sage, the legendary
compiler of the four Vedas (3101 B.C.),
and of the epic of the Mahábhárata,
118.

Water-mills in the Himalayas, 9.
Watson, Admiral, bombardment and
capture of Chandarnagar, 382.
Weber, Professor, History of Indian
Literature, quoted, 94 (footnote); 102
(footnote 1); 105 (footnote);
(footnote 1); 127 (footnote 3); 154
(footnote); 168 (footnote 2); 172 (foot-
notes 2 and 3); 175 (footnote 1); 176
(footnote 3); Indische Studien, quoted,
161 (footnote 1).

110

Wellesley, General (afterwards Duke of
Wellington)-the victories of Assaye
and Argaum, 323; 398.
Wellesley, Marquis of, Governor-General

of India (1798-1803), 394-397; French
influence in India, 394, 395; Lord
Wellesley's scheme, 395, 396; treaty
with the Nizám, 396; third Mysore
war and storming of Seringapatam,
396, 397; second Maráthá war (1802-04)
and annexations to British territory,
398; British successes and disasters,
398.

Western Ghats, mountain range along the
western coast of India, 36; 39; its
passes, 36, 37; rivers, 37; rainfall,
38; forests, 39.

Western Jumna Canal, 29; 532.
Wheat, Statistics of cultivation and out-
turn of, 486-488; export of, 573.
Whitney, Professor, Sanskrit Grammar,
quoted, 334 (footnote 1).

Widows, Position of, in ancient India, 78.
Williams, Professor Monier, 114; 129
(footnote 1).

Willoughby, Sir John's attempt to force
an eastern passage along the north
of Europe and Asia, 363.
Wilson, Dr. H. H., Works of, quoted,
110 (footnote 1); 127 (footnote 2);
154 (footnote 1); Ariana Antiqua,
175 (footnote 1); Vishnu Purána,
180 (footnote 4); 216, 217 (footnotes);
Essays, 191 (footnote 2); Religion of
the Hindus, 201 (footnote 2); 205
(footnote I); 206 (footnote 2); 210
(footnote 2); 221 (footnote 2); 223
(footnotes 3 and 4).

Wilson, Dr. J., Indian Caste, quoted,
194 (footnote 1); 195 (footnote 2);
110 (footnote 1).

Wilson, Mr. James, his financial reforms
after the Mutiny, 424.

Wise, Dr. T. A., Review of the History
of Medicine
among the Asiatics,

quoted, 110 (footnote 1).
Wolf, The Indian, 654.

Women, Position of, in ancient India,
and in Vishnu-worship, 78; 221.
Wood-carving, 112; 609.

X

Xavier, St. Francis, his work in India,
244, 245.

Y

Yajnavalkya's Code of Hindu Law, 114,
115.

Yajur-Veda, The, 88.

Yak cow, The, a remarkably sure-footed
beast of burden in the Himalayas, 9,

IO.

Yama, the Hindu god of death, Vedic
legend of, 85.

Yandabu, Treaty of (1826), 403, 404.
Yavanas, the name applied to Greeks
and Scythians by the Brahmans, 93;
172, 173.

Yoga, one of the six darsanas or Bráh-

manical systems of philosophy, 99.
Yogis, a sect of Sivaite devotees, 214.
Yoma mountain range in Burma, 6.
Yule, Colonel Henry, Marco Polo, quoted,
151 (footnote 5); 152 (footnote 1);
231 (footnote 1); 233 (footnotes I and
2); 237 (footnote 4); 238 (footnotes);
239 (footnote 3); 356 (footnote);
Cathay and the Way Thither, 233
(footnote 2); 283 (footnote 5).