the consolidator of the Maráthá power,
317; state of parties in the Deccan,
(1650), 318; the Maráthás courted by
the two rival Muhammadan powers,
318; Sivaji's hill forts, army of cavalry,
tactics, etc., 319; his murder of the
Bijapur general Akbar Khán, 319;
coins money in his own name, 319;
visits Delhi (1666), 319; enthrones
himself as an independent prince at
Raigarh (1674), 319; death (1680),
319; Aurangzeb's mistaken policy in
the Deccan, 319; Sambhaji and Sahu,
successors of Sivají, 319; the Sátára
and Kolhápur families, the last of
Sivaji's line, 320; rise and progress of
the Peshwás, 320; second Peshwa
(1721-40), conquers the Deccan, 320;
third Peshwá (1740-61), conquests in
the Deccan, and raids from Bengal to
the Punjab, 320, 321; defeat of the
Maráthás by Ahmad Shah the Afghán
(1761), 321; fourth Peshwá (1761-
72), 321; the five great Maráthá
branches, 321; fifth Peshwá (1772),
his assassination, 321; decline of the
Peshwás (1772-78), 321, 322; the
northern Maráthás, Sindhia and
Holkar (1761-1803), 322; the Bhons-
las of Berar (1751-53), 322; the
Gáekwárs of Baroda, 322, 323; the
sixth and seventh Peshwás (1774-
1818), and the three Maratha wars,
323, 324; end of the Peshwás (1849),
324.

'Maráthá Ditch,' The, moat constructed

partly around Calcutta as a protec-
tion against the Maráthás, 320,
321.

Maráthá wars, the first (1778-81),
323; 391; the second (1802 - 04),

398; third and last, annexation of
the Peshwa's dominions (1818), 323;
402.

Maráthí literature and authors, 346.
Marble carving, 112; marble building
stone, 628.

Marco Polo, by Colonel Yule, quoted,

152 (footnote 1); 231 (footnote 1);
233 (footnotes 1 and 2); 237 (foot-
note 4); 239 (footnote 3); 356 (foot-
note).

Mar Gregory, first Jacobite Bishop to the
Syrian Church in India, 242, 243.
Máriás, aboriginal tribe in the Central
Provinces, 55.

Máris, aboriginal tribe in the Central
Provinces, 55.

Marriage law of the Hindus, 195, 196.
Martyrdoms of Jesuit missionaries, 252,
253.

Masulipatam, East India Company's fac-
tory established at (1622), 368;

temporarily abandoned (1628), but re-
established under a farman from the
King of Golconda (1632), 368; murder
of the Company's factors at (1689,
371; recapture of, from the French,
385.
Mathematics, Bráhmanical system of,
106.

Mauritius, India's trade with, 578, 579-
Mausoleums, 112.

Mayo, Earl of, Viceroy of India (1869-
72), 425, 426; the Ambála darbar;
visit of the Duke of Edinburgh,
administrative reforms, abolition of
customs lines, assassination at the
Andaman Islands, 425; his scheme
for Indian feeder lines of railway, 445,
446.

Mayúr Pandit, Maráthí religious poet
of the 18th century, 346.
M'Crindle, Mr. J. W. M., Commerce and
Navigation of the Erythraan Sea,
quoted, 166 (footnotes 1 and 2); 356
(footnote); Ancient India as described
by Megasthenes and Arrian, quoted,
168 (footnote 1); 356 (footnote).
Means of communication, chap. xviii.
PP. 545-554. History of Indian
railways, 545; Lord Dalhousie's trunk
railway lines, 545; Lord Mayo's
branch or feeder lines, 545. 546; the
four classes of Indian railways, Guar
anteed,' State,' "Assisted,' and
'Native State,' 546-549; statistics
of Indian railways, 549, 550; roads,
the Grand Trunk Road, extension of
minor roads, 550, 551; road metal,
551; bridges of boats, 551; navigable
rivers, 551-553; navigable canals, 553,
554.

Medieval trade of India, 555-
Medical colleges in India, 109.
Medicine and drugs, 34; Bráhmanical
system of medicine, 106-110; its in-
dependent development, 4th to 8th
century, 107; scope of Indian medicine,
107; Indian surgery, 107, 108; Bud-
dhist public hospitals, 108, 109; decline
of Hindu medicine, 109; English Medi-
cal Colleges, 109; vernacular medical
literature, 109, 110.

Medlicott and Blanford, Geology of India,

quoted, 27 (footnote); 631-640.

Meerut, outbreak of the mutiny at, 419.
Megasthenes, Seleukos' ambassador to
the court of Chandra Gupta, 154: 163;
his description of India and of Indian
Society (300 B. C.), 167-170; division of
India into petty kingdoms, 170.
Meghná, the eastern estuary of the united
waters of the Brahmaputra and Ganges,
15; 21; 28; its 'bore' or tidal-wave,
31; the Meghná delta, 25.

Mehidpur, defeat of Holkar at, in the last
Maratha war (1817-18), 402.
Memoir of the War in India, conducted by
General Lord Lake, by Major William
Thorne, quoted, 317 (footnote 1).
Metcalfe, Lord, Governor-General of
India (1835-36), 406.

Meteorology of India, chap. xxiii.

PP. 641-655. Meteorological geo-
graphy of the Himalayas and Punjab
frontier, 641-643; the Indus plain,
and great Indian desert, 643; Gan-
getic plain and Eastern Bengal, 643,
644; the Central Indian and Southern
plateaux, 644, 645; Anamalai Hills.
645; southern coast strip and Ceylon,
645, 646; Burma, 646; solar radia-
tion, 647; air temperature, atmo-
spheric pressure, wind, humidity, 647,
648; rainfall statistics, 649, 650; sun-
spot cycles, 650, 651.

Mhairs, aboriginal tribe in Rajputána,

Middleton, first Bishop of Calcutta (1814),
261.

Middleton, Sir Henry, his naval defeat
of the Portuguese at Cambay (1611),
366.

Migration of the people, 47.
Military caste of St. Thomas Nestorian
Christians, 240; Portuguese efforts at
their conversion to Rome, 241.
Military Transactions in Indostan, by
Orme, quoted, 379 (footnote); 380
(footnote 2).

Mill, James, History of British India,

quoted, 314 (footnote 3); 365 (foot-
note 2); 379 (footnote); 383 (foot-
note).

Millets, Statistics of cultivation of, and
chief varieties, 487, 488, 489.
Mills by water-power in the Himalayas, 9.
Mineral oils, 42; petroleum wells and
oil-refining companies in Burma, 626,
627; petroleum in Assam and the
Punjab, 627.

Minerals and Mines.-See MINES AND
MINERALS.

Mines and Minerals, chap. xxi. pp. 618-
630. Indian iron, indigenous methods
of working, 618; failure of English
efforts, 618, 619; Government efforts,
619; Indian coal and history of Bengal
coal-mining (1820-83), 619, 620; the
Central Provinces and Bengal coal-
fields, 620, 621; coal-beds in Assam,
621; future of Indian coal, 622; salt
mining and manufacture, 622, 623;
saltpetre, 623, 624; gold washing,
624; gold mining in Madras and

733

Mysore, 624, 625; copper mining,
626; lead, tin, antimony, and cobalt,
625, 626; petroleum in Burma, Assam,
and the Punjab, 626, 627; lime and
building stone, 627, 628; marble, 628;
slate, 628; diamonds and precious
stones, 628, 629; pearl fisheries, 629.
-See also GEOLOGY OF INDIA.
Miniature painting, 113.

Minto, Earl of, Governor-General of
India (1807-13); expeditions to Java
and Mauritius ; embassies to the
Punjab, Afghánistán, and Persia, 399,

400.

Mir Jafar, Nawab of Bengal (1757-60);
compensation for losses at Calcut'a,
grant to the Company of the zamindári
of the Twenty-four Parganas, Clive's
jágír, dethronement of Mir Jafar, 383;
385.

Mír Jumla's unsuccessful expedition to
Assam in the reign of Aurangzeb
(1662), 309.

Mir Kasim, Nawab of Bengal (1760-63),
grant of Bardwán, Midnapur, and
Chittagong to the Company, his quarrel
with the English, massacre of Patna,
and defeat at Gheriah and Udhanálá,
385, 386.

Miracles of Buddhist and Hindu religious
founders, 139, 140; 208; miracles of
the early Jesuits, 252.

Miscellaneous Essays, by Mr. B. H.
Hodgson, 340 (footnote 1).
Missionary efforts of Asoka, 146.
Missions, Christian, in India.
CATHOLIC MISSIONS, CHRISTIANITY
IN INDIA, PROTESTANT MISSIONS.
Mixed population, 51.

Model farms, the small success hitherto
attained, 515, 516.

Mohpání colliery in the Central Pro-
vinces, 620, 621.

Moira, Earl of.-See HASTINGS, MARQUIS

(1526-30), 290; Humáyún (1530-56),
his expulsion from India (1540), and
reconquest by the second battle of
Pánipat (1556), 290, 291, and foot-
note; Akbar the Great (1556-1605),
291-300; Akbar's work in India, 292
and footnote; conciliation of the Hindus,
293; extension of the Mughal Empire,
and reduction of the Rajputs (1561-
68), 293; Akbar's Hindu officers,
Rájás Mán Singh and Todar Mall, 293;
Akbar's reform of Hindu customs,
293; reconquest of Bengal and sub-
jugation of Muhammadan States, 294;
change of capital from Delhi to Agra,
294; annexation of Khándesh in the
Deccan, 294; Akbar's death, 295; his
religious principles and new faith, 295;
Akbar's reorganization of the army,
police, and judicial administration of
the Empire, 296; his revenue system
and land revenue, 296, 297, and foot-
note; large totals of Mughal taxation,
298, 299; Jahángír (1605-27), 300 and
footnote; Rajput revolts, 301; the
Empress Nur Jahán, 301; Jahangir's
personal character, justice, and religion,
301, 302; Shah Jahán (1628-58), 302-
305; loss of Kandahár, 303; Mughal
conquests in the Deccan, 303, 304;
Shah Jahan's buildings, the Táj Mahál,
the Jama and Moti Masjids, and palace
at Delhi, 304, 305; rebellion of Prince
Aurangzeb, and deposition of Shah
Jahán (1657-58), 305; revenues of
Shah Jahan, 305; Aurangzeb's usurpa-
tion and reign (1658-1707), 306-312;
murder of his brothers, 307; rise of the
Maráthá power, 307, 308; Aurangzeb's
southern campaign and twenty years'
war with the Maráthás, 308; Aurang-
zeb's Grand Army' worn out in the
struggle (1705), his despair and death
(1707), 308, 309; Mir Jumla's dis-
astrous expedition to Assam, 306;
Aurangzeb's bigoted policy, and
oppression of the Hindus, 309; revolt
of the Rajputs, 309, 310; Aurangzeb's
revenues and land - tax, 310, 311;
character of Aurangzeb, 312; decline
and fall of the Mughal Empire, the
six puppet kings (1707-20), 312,
313; independence of the Deccan, of
Oudh, and of the Rájput States, 314;
oppressions of the Sikhs, 314; the
Maráthá chauth, 314; Persian and
Afghán invasions from the north, 314,
315; third battle of Panipat (1761),
and fall of the Mughal Empire, 315;
the last of the Mughals (1862), 316.
Muhammad of Ghor, the first king of
the Ghor dynasty in India (1186-1206),
275-278; his conquests in Northern

India and overthrow of the Rat
clans, 275, 276; subjugation of Beng
and defeat of its last independent
Hindu king (1203 A. D.), 277, 278.
Muhammad Tughlak, second king of
the Tughlak dynasty (1324-51 A.D..
283-285; expeditions to the south,
283; his cruelties, enforced change of
capital, revolts, revenue exactions, 284,
285; man-hunts,' 284, 285.
Muhammadan architecture, 112; 304
Muhammadan conquest of India only
partial and temporary, 270.
Muhammadan population of India, 51;
also Appendix V., 693.

Muhammadan States of the Deccan
(1489-1683 A.D.), 288.

Muir, Dr. John, Sanskrit Texts, quoted,
81 (footnote 2); 84 (footnote 3); 94
(footnote); 212 (footnote 4); 334 (1000-
notes I and 2).

Mulberry cultivation in Bengal, 513.
Mules, 521.

Müller, Professor Max, History of Sanskrit
Literature, translation of Rig - Veda,
83 (footnotes 1 and 2); 84 (footnotes;
85 (footnote); Chips from a German
Workshop, 83 (footnote 1); 127 (foot-
note 3); 142 (footnote 2); 151 (foot-
note 2); Contemporary Review for
July 1870, 151 (footnote 31; Sacred
Books of the East, vol. xxii., the Jaina
Sútras, by Hermann Jacobi, 161 (foot-
notes 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8).

Mundas, an aboriginal tribe of Kols in
Chutiá Nagpur, 71 (footnote).
Mundavers, a wandering pastoral tribe in
the Anamalai Hills, 55.
Municipal administration and statistics,
455-457 470.

Munro, Major (afterwards Sir Hector),
Suppression of the first Sepoy Mutiny
by, 386; defeat of the Imperial and

Oudh armies at the battle of Baxar, 350.
Munro, Sir Thomas, introducer of the
rayatwári system of land settlement in
Madras, 446.

Murshid Kuli Khán, Nawab of Bengal,
his transfer of the capital from Dacca
to Murshidábád, 380, 381.

Music, Hindu, 110-112; peculiarities of
Indian music, III; its modern revival,

III, II2.
Muslin manufactures of Dacca and
Madras, decline of industry, 602, 603.
Mustagh, pass over the Himalayas on
the trade route from the Punjab into
Eastern Turkistán, 6.

Mutiny, The, of 1857-58, 417-421; its
causes, 417, 418; outbreaks at Meerut
and Delhi, 419; spread of the revolt,
419; loyalty of the Sikhs, 419; mas-
sacre at Cawnpur, 420; siege and

relief of Lucknow, 420, 421; siege of
Delhi, 421; reduction of Oudh, 421;
campaigns of Sir Colin Campbell (Lord
Clyde) and Sir Hugh Rose (Lord
Strathnairn), 421, 422.
Myrobalams, Export of, 574, 575.
Mysore, First war with, against Haidar
Ali (1780-84), 392; second Mysore
war (1790-92), 394; Tipu's intrigues
with France, and the third Mysore
war (1799), 396; fall of Seringapatam,
and death of Tipú in the breach, 397;
Mysore taken under British administra-
tion and protection, 406; rendition of,
to its ancient hereditary Hindu rulers,
427, 435.

N

Nabhají Dás, Hindi poet of the 16th
century, and author of the Bhaktamálá,
345.

Nadir Shah's invasion of India and sack
of Delhi, 314.

Nadiyá rivers, Engineering works to
keep open the navigation of, during
the dry season, 552, 553.

Nágá Hills, the most easterly offshoot of
the Himalayas, 3.

Nágás or serpent-worshippers, Ancient
dynasties of, 185, 186; 204.
Nagpur, the territories of the Maráthá
Bhonsla family lapsed to the British
for want of heirs (1853), 415.
Nairs, tribe of south-western India, their
polyandry, 55.

Nalanda, famous Buddhist monastery of
the 7th century A.D., 157.
Nám Deva, Marathi poet of the 13th
century, 346.

Náná Sahib, his proclamation as Peshwá

at the outbreak of the Mutiny, and the
massacre of the Cawnpur garrison, 420.
Nának Shah, the founder of the Sikh
religion, 223; 410.

Napier, Sir Charles, conquest of Sind
by (1843), 409.

Nárayan Kao, fifth Maráthá Peshwá
(1772), his assassination, 321.
Narrative of Political and Military |
Transactions of British India under
the Marquis of Hastings, by Henry T.
Prinsep, quoted, 317 (footnote 1).
Native States of India, their relation to
the British paramount power, 43; area
and population of the thirteen groups
of States, 45:

Nats, a semi-Hinduized gipsy tribe of
Lower Bengal, 71.

Natural calamities.-See FAMINES.
Navigable canals, 553, 554.

Nayak and Pálegar chieftains of Southern
India, 288.

735

Nelson, Mr. J., Hindu Law as admini-
stered by the High Court of Judicature
at Madras, quoted, 117 (footnote 1);
195 (footnote 2).

Nepal, War with, 400; Gurkha assist-
ance in the Mutiny, 421; trade with,
587-589.
Nestorianism among early Indian Chris
tians, 236; its wide diffusion, 236,
237; its suppression and down all,
241 243; Nestorian remnants, 242,
243.

Nicholson, General, his death at the
storm of Delhi, 421.

Nikaia, town founded by Alexander the
Great and identified with the modern
town of Mong in Gujrát District, 165.
Nil Darpan, a famous modern Bengali
play, 127; 354.

Nilgai or blue cow, 657.

Nilgiri hills in Southern India, 36.
Nirvana, Buddhist doctrine of, 142.
Nizám Shahi, Muhammadan dynasty in
Southern India (1490-1636 A.D.), 288.
Nobilis, Robert de, founder of the Madras
Jesuits (1606-56), 245.

of

Nomadic cultivation, 9; 47, 48; 522;
the merits and destructiveness
nomadic tillage, 528.
Non-Aryan or aboriginal races, 51, 52.-
See also ABORIGINAL TRIBES, chap.
iii. and Appendix V., 693.

Non-Aryan rites merging into Hinduism,
207.

Non-Asiatic population of British India,
Appendix VII., 695.

Normal schools, 479.

Northbrook, Earl of, Viceroy of India
(1872-76), dethronement of the Gaek-
war of Baroda; visit of the Prince of
Wales to India, 425, 426.
North-West passage, Attempts to reach
India by way of, 363.

Nott, General, his march from Kandahar
to Kábul (1842), 408, 409.
Numismata Orientalia (Ceylon fasc.), 167
(footnote 2).

Nur Jahan, the Queen of the Emperor
Jahangir, 301.

Nyáya, one of the six darsanas or Bráh-
manical schools of philosophy, 99.

Opium, Excise duty on, 455; cultivation
of, in Bengal and Malwa, 498, 499;
export of, 499; Bengal opium system,
499.

Origin of Christianity in India, its con-
nection with St. Thomas the Apostle,
229.

Orissa, by W. W. Hunter, quoted, 91
(footnote); 173 (footnote 1); 193 (foot-
note 1); 194 (footnote 5); 215 (foot-
note 1); 224 (footnote 4); 225 (foot-
notes 2, 4, and 6); 343 (footnote 2).
Orissa Province, annexed to the Mughal
Empire by Akbar's Hindu General,
Rájá Todar Mall (1574), 294: ceded
to the British (1803) by the Nagpur
Bhonsla on the termination of the
second Maráthá war, 398; the famine
of 1866, 424; 542; settlement of the
land revenue, 445; canal system,
534-

Orme's Military Transactions in Indos-
tan, quoted, 379 (footnote); 380 (foot-
note 2).

Ostend East India Company established
1722; its factories at Covelong on the
Madras coast, and at Bánkipur on the
Húgli, 372-374; political objects of
the Ostend Company, 373, 374; de-
struction of the Bánkipur settlement
by the Muhammadans (1733), 374;
bankruptcy and downfall of the Ostend
Company (1784-93),374.

Oudh, Sale of Allabábád and Kora to the
Wazir of, by Warren Hastings (1773),
389; the Rohilla war, 390; plunder
of the Oudh Begams, 390, 391.
Oudh, Annexation of, 415; Lord Dal-
housie's justification of the measure,
416; the mutiny in, 421; inquiry into
the status of the peasantry in, 424.
Outram, Sir James, his works among the
Bhils of Khandesh, 72, 73; annexation
of Oudh, 416; relief of Lucknow, 420.
Overcrowded and under-peopled districts,
46, 47.

Owen, Sidney J., Selections from the
Despatches of the Marquis of Wellesley,
quoted, 317 (footnote 1); Selections
from the Indian Despatches of the
Duke of Wellington, quoted, 317 (foot-
note 1).

P

Pab hills, a southern offshoot of the
North-Western Himalayas, forming a
portion of the boundary between India
and Baluchistán, 7.

Paikasht rayats, or temporary cultivators,
48.

Painting, Indian art of, 113.

Pálegár and Náyak chieftains of Southern
India, 288.

Pálghát Pass, a remarkable break or p
in the Western Ghats, 37.

Pálítána, sacred temple city of the Jains,
159.

Palm-leaf writings, 102.

Palms, Varieties of, 491.

Pandavas, the five brethren of the Maha-
bharata; their quarrel and struggle wit:
the Kauravas, 119-121.

Pandya, ancient Hindu dynasty in
Southern India, 286.

Pánini, the compiler of the Sanskt
grammar (350 B.C.), 100: 336.
Pánipat, celebrated battlefield in Northern
India; defeat of Ibrahim Lodi by
Bábar (1526 A.D.), 290; defeat of
Afgháns by Akbar and restoration of
Humayun to the throne (1556 A.D.L
291; overthrow of the Maráthás by the
Afgháns under Ahmad Shah Duran
(1761 A.D.), 315; 321.

Panna, Diamond mines of, 629.
Pantænus, the Alexandrian stoic, his
evidence as to Christianity in India at
the end of the 2nd century A. D., 235
Paper-making, 617.

Parameswara, the one First Cause, or
Supreme Deity of Hinduism, 227.
Párásnáth, hill in Bengal, held sacred ly
the Jains, 35; 159.

Parasuráma, the sixth incarnation of
Vishnu, his legendary war of extermina-
tion with the Kshattriyas, 94.
Parochial organization of Portuguese
India, 247.

Partition of the Gangetic Valley by Clive
(1765), 387.

Passes of the Himalayas, the Khaibar,
Kuram, Gwalari, Tál, and Bolin
passes, 29; of the Western Ghats, the
Bhor, Thal, and Palghat passes, 36, 37-
Patala, town founded by Alexander the
Great, and identified with the modern
city of Haidarábád, the historic capital
of Sind, 166.

Pathan Kings of Delhi, by Mr. E
Thomas, quoted, 271 (footnote); 279.
280. 281 (footnotes); 283 (footnotes 1
and 2); 284 (footnote 1); 285 (foot
note 3); 287 (footnote 2); 291 (foot-
note).

Patná, East India Company's Agency
at (1620), 367; massacre of, 386;
trade of, 595, 596.

Pearl fisheries, 629.

Pegu, Annexation of, as the result of the
second Burmese war, 413, 414-
Peninsular India, Geology of, 634-639.
Permanent Settlement, The, of Lord
Cornwallis and Sir John Shore, 393-
394.