333; Aryan languages of North India,
Sanskrit, 334, 335; evidence as to
whether Sanskrit was ever a spoken
language, 334-336; Pánini and Vara-
ruchi, ancient Sanskrit grammarians,
336; the Prákrits or ancient spoken
dialects of India, their divergence from
Sanskrit, 336; routes of Prákrit speech,
337; Prákrits developed by Buddhists
for their Scriptures, 338; evolution of
modern vernaculars from Prákrits, 338,
339; their Prákrit framework and
Sanskrit enrichments, 339; non-Aryan
element in the vernaculars, propor-
tion of non-Aryan words, 340, 341;
the fourfold composition of the verna-
culars, namely, the Prákrit and aborigi
nal elements, Sanskrit borrowings and
Persian terms, 342; the seven verna-
culars of India, 342, 343; vernacular
literature and vernacular writers, 343,
344; Rajputána religious literature,
344; Hindi authors from the 12th
to the 19th centuries, 345, 346;
Maráthí literature and authors, 346;
Bengali literature, its three periods,
343-348; Bengali religious poetry,
349-351; Bengali poets from the 16th
to the 18th centuries, 349-352; the
court of Nadiya, the chief seat of
learning in Bengal in the last century,
352; Bengali prose literature in the
19th century, 354; the Bengalí drama,
354.

Indigo, Cultivation of, in different locali-
ties, 495, 496; systems of indigo-
planting, and out-turn in Bengal and
Behar, 497; export of, 497; 574-
Indische Alterthumskunde, by Professor
Lassen, quoted, 161 (footnote 1); 191
(footnote 2); 340 (footnote 2).
Indo-Aryan stock, its European and

Eastern branches, 75, 76; their march
towards and into India, religion, etc.,
76-78.

Indo-Gangetic plain, Geology of, 633,
634; meteorology of, 643, 644.
Indo-Greek treaties (306 and 256 B.C.),
167, 170.

Indra, the Vedic God of Rain, 80, 81;
influence of the rainy season on Aryan
mythology, 80; Indra displaced by
the modern Bráhmanical Triad, 81.
Indus, great river of Northern India
and Sind, 11-13; its upper waters,
II; its feeder the Sutlej, II, 12; its
inundations, II: lower course, 12;
irrigation facilities, 13; 529; silt de-
posits, 13; Indus steam flotilla recently
broken up on completion of the railway
system, 552.
Inlaying work, 609.

Inquisition established by the Portuguese |

727

at Goa (1560), 241, 253; autos da fé,
254; abolished (1812), 254.
Inscribed pillars of Asoka, 145, 146.
Insects, Indian, 662.

Internal and local trade of India, 591-
596; village money-lenders, travelling
brokers, and religious fairs, 592, 593;
internal trade the safeguard against
famine, 593; normal action of internal
trade, 594; provincial statistics of
internal trade, 594, 595; trade statis-
tics of a large town, village mart, and
annual fair, 594-596.

Introduction to the Malto Language, by
the Rev. E. Droese, quoted, 327 (foot-
note 1).

In-tu, the Buddhist derivation of the
word India, 2.

Invaliding, Causes of, in the European
army, 681.

Iron mining and smelting, difficulties of
Indian ironworks, 41; 619; indigenous
methods of iron-smelting, 618; failure
of English efforts, 618, 619; Govern-
ment efforts, 619.

Jackal, The, 654.

J

Jackson, Lowis D'A., Hydraulic Manual,
quoted, 17 (footnote).

Jacobi, Hermann, The Faina Sutras,
forming vol. xxii. of Prof. Max Müller's
Sacred Books of the East, 161 (foot-
notes 4 and 5); 167 (footnote 1).
Jacobite branch of the Syrian Church in
India, 242, 243; 257.

Jagannath, Worship of, 223-226; his
Brahmanical and Buddhist origin, 224;
the Car festival, 225; English calum-
nies against Jagannath, self-immola-
tion seldom practised, 224, 225; his
bloodless worship and gentle doctrines,
225, 226.
Jahangir, fourth Mughal Emperor of
India (1605-27 A.D.), 300-302; chief
events of his reign, 300 (footnote 2);
rebellion of his son Shah Jahan, 301;
his Empress Nur Jahán, 301; personal

character, justice and religious tolera-
tion, 301, 302.

Jai Singh, Rájá of Jaipur, his astro-
nomical observatories at Jaipur, Delhi,
Benares, Muttra, and Ujjain in the
18th century, 105, 106.

Jail statistics, 472; vital statistics of
Indian prisons, 684, 685.
Jains, the modern representatives of the
Buddhists in India, 158; Jain popu-
lation in India, 158 (footnote); Jain
doctrines, 159; temple cities, 159;
relation of Jainism to Buddhism, 159,
160; antiquity of the Jains, 160; date
of the Jain scriptures, 161; the Jains, |
an independent sect, 162; modern
Jainism, 162.

Jaipál, Hindu chief of Lahore, his defeats
by Subuktigin and Mahmúd of Gházni,
272.

Jalál-ud-dín, the first king of the Khilji
dynasty (1290-95 A.D.), 280.
Jama Masjid, Shah Jahan's great mosque
at Delhi, 304.

Jamuna, the name of the Brahmaputra
from its entering the Bengal delta to
its junction with the Ganges, 14.
Jang Bahadur, assistance rendered by,
during the suppression of the Mutiny,

Java, Conquest of, by Lord Minto, 399.
Jayadeva, a celebrated Sanskrit poet of
the 12th century, 128.

Jaziyá, or Mughal poll-tax on non-
Musalmáns, 309.

Jesuits in India, 244-255; first Portu-
guese missionaries (1500 A.D.), 244;
St. Francis Xavier, 244, 245; the
Madras Jesuits, 245; letters of the early
Jesuit missionaries, 246; Thana, a
Jesuit station (1550 A.D.), with its
colony of Christian artisans and culti-
vators, 247, 248; rural organization of
the Jesuits, 248; the Jesuit college
at Cochin, 248-250; Jesuit itinerary
missionaries, and their conversions, 250,
251; Jesuit missions in Malabar in
the 17th and 18th centuries, 251, 252;
Jesuit martyrdoms, 252, 253; literary
labours of the Jesuits, 253; establish-
ment of the Portuguese inquisition
at Goa (1560), 251-253; autos da fé,
253, 254; abolition of the inquisition
(1812), 254; the Jesuits suppressed
(1759-73), 254, 255; re-established
(1814), 255.

Jewellery and goldsmiths' work, 605,
606.

Jewish settlements in ancient Malabar,
234, 235.

Jhansi, Native State, lapsed to the British

for want of heirs, 415; revolt of the
ex-princess in 1857, 421, 422.
Jones, Sir William, 114; 126.
Josaphat, a saint of the Christian Church,
analogies between him and Buddha, and
asserted identity of the two, 151. 152.
Journal Asiatique, Paper by M. Senat,
quoted, 175 (footnote 3).
Journalism and newspapers, 480.
Juángs, a leaf-wearing tribe in Orissa, 56.
Jumna, great river in Northern Ina,

and chief tributary of the Ganges, 17.
Jumna Canal, Eastern, Statistics of, 29;
532, 533.

Jumna Canal, Western, Statistics of, 29;
531.

Jungle products, tasar silkworm, lac,
etc., 34; 513-515.

Jungle rites in Hinduism, 206, 207.
Jute, Cultivation of, 494, 495; export of
raw and of manufactured jute, 495:
570, 571; 576; 615; steam jute mills,
614-616.

K

Kabir, Vishnuite religious reformer
(1380-1420), claimed as a saint by both
Hindus and Muhammadans, 208; his
doctrines, 218, 219; coalition of Visa-
nuism with Islám, 219; Kabir's religi
ous poetry, 345.

Kaders, aboriginal tribe of the Anamalai
Hills, Madras, 55.

Kailás, sacred mountain in Tibet, and
the watershed from which the Indus,
Sutlej, and Brahmaputra take their rise,
II, 13.

Káimur, range of mountains in Central
India and Bengal, an offshoot of the
Vindhyas, 35.

Kalanos, the Brahman at Alexander's
court, 169.

Kálí, the non-Aryan form of the wife of
Siva, 211, 212.

Kálidasa, famous Hindu poet and dra-
matist (56 B.C.), 125; his drama of
Sakuntala, 126.

Kanauj, ancient city, now deserted by
the Ganges, 30; court pageant at, in
the 12th century A.D., 276.
Kanchanjanga, mountain in the Hima-
layas, 5.

Kandahár, wrested from the Mughal
Empire during the reign of Shah
Jahan, 303; occupation of, during the
first Afghán campaign (1839), 408;
defeat of Ayub Khán at, in the second
campaign (1880), 427.

Kandhs, aboriginal hill tribe of Orissa
and northern Madras, 60-63; their
patriarchal government, 60; wars and

punishments, and blood revenge, 60,61;
agriculture, 61; marriages by capture,
61; serfs attached to their villages,
61, 62; human sacrifices, 62; the
Kandhs under British rule, 62, 63.
Kanishka, Buddhist king in North-
Western India (40 A.D.), his great
Council, 147, 148; 175, 176; 178.
Kankar, or nodular limestone, 628; 638.
Karagola, large trading fair, 596, 597.
Karakoram, pass over the Himalayas on
the trading route from the Punjab into
eastern Turkistán, 6.
Karengs, an aboriginal tribe of Burma
and Siam, 71.

Karharbari coal-field, 637.

Karma, Buddhist doctrine of, 141, 142.
Karnátik, The, English and French
wars in, rival English and French
candidates for the throne of Arcot
(1746-61), 379, 390.

Karnul canal purchased by Government
from the Madras Irrigation Company,
536, 537.

Kartábhajás, a reformed Vishnuite sect
in the Districts around Calcutta, 223.
Kashmir shawls, Weavi g of, 603.
Kásimbázár, East India Company's
factory established at (1658), 369; the
chief emporium of the Gangetic trade
in the middle of the 18th century, 380.
Kásim's expedition and temporary con-
quest of Sind (711-714 A.D.), 268.
Kási Rám Dás, Bengalí poet of Bardwán
District, and translator of the Mahá-
bharata (17th century), 351.
Kauravas, their quarrel and struggle
with the five Pándavas, as related in
the Mahábhárata, 119, 120.

Kaveri (Cauvery) river, 37; irrigation
works, 536, 537.

Kennet, Reverend Dr., St. Thomas the
Apostle of India, quoted, 233 (footnote
3); 235 (footnote); 237 (footnote 4);
239 (footnote I).

Keshava Dás, Hindi poet of the 16th
century, and composer of the Rám-
chandrika, 345.

Khaibar, mountain pass into Afghánistán
from the Punjab, 6.

Khandesh, Annexation of, to the Mughal
Empire by Akbar, 294.

Khasis, an aboriginal tribe of Assam, 71
(footnote).

Khilji dynasty, The (1290-1320 A.D.),
280-283; Jalál-ud-din (1290-95), 280;
Alá-ud-dín (1295-1315), 281, 282;
Mughal mercenaries and Hindu revolts,
282, 283; Khusrú, renegade Hindu
Emperor (1316-20), 282, 283.
Khusrú Khán, renegade Hindu emperor
of the Khilji dynasty (1316-20 A.D.),
282, 283.

729

Kiernander, Danish Protestant missionary,
260.

Kirki, attack on by, and repulse of, the
Maráthás (1817), 402.

Kirtibás Ojhá, Sivaite religious poet of
the 16th century, 349, 350.

Kistvaen builders of ancient India, 53.
Koch, an aboriginal tribe in Northern
Bengal, 187, 188.

Kolarians, aboriginal races of Bengal
and Central India, 64-68; their con-
vergence in Central India, 64; their
dispersion, 64, 65; scattered Kolarian
fragments, 65; Kolarian languages,
65-68.

Korös, Alexander Csoma de, Life and
Works of, by Dr. Theodore Duka,
quoted, 153 (footnote 2); Journal
Asiatic Society of Bengal (1833),
quoted, 175 (footnote 1).

Krishna worship, 222; a religion of
pleasure, 222, 223; love songs, 223;
hymn to, 348, 349.

Kshattriya or warrior caste of ancient
India, 89, 94: growth of the caste,
89-91; struggle between the priestly
and warrior castes, 92-94; casts of
Kshattriyas attaining Brahmanhood,
92, 93; legendary extermination of the
Kshattriyas by Parasuráma, the sixth
incarnation of Vishnu, 94.

Kumárila, a Bráhmanical religious re-
former (750 A.D.), 191; 209; 329,
330.

Kuram, mountain pass into Afghánistán
from the Punjab, 6.

Kushtia, river station of the Eastern
Bengal Railway terminus removed
owing to silting of Ganges, 30.
Kutab-ud-din, the first of the Slave
dynasty, and the first resident Muham-
madan sovereign in India (1206-10
A.D.), 278.

Kutab Shahi, Muhammadan dynasty in
Southern India (1512-1688 A.D.), 288.

L

La Bourdonnais, capture of Madras by
a French squadron under the command
of (1746), 379.

Labour and land, Relation between, in
former times and at the present day in
India, 48, 49.

La Croze's Histoire du Christianisme des
Indes, 232 (footnote 1); 240 (footnote
4); 241 (footnotes I and 3); 242
(footnotes).

Lac industry, 513, 515; export of lac
and lac-dye, 575.

Lake, Lord, victories over the Maráthás
at Laswari and Dig, 323; 398.

Lakshman Sen, last independent Hindu
king of Bengal, his overthrow by
Muhammad of Ghor (1203 A.D.),
277.

Lal Kavi, Hindi poet of Bundelkhand
in the 17th century, and author of the
Chhatra Prakás, 345.

Lally, Defeat of, at Wandewash by Coote
(1761), 379, 380; siege and surrender
of Pondicherri and Gingi, 380.
Land-making powers of deitaic rivers,
22-25; 27.

Land revenue of India under the Mughals,
297-299; 304; land revenue of British
India, 452.

Land Settlement, 438-452; ancient land
settlement of India, 438; Musalman
land-tax, 439; the Company's efforts
at land settlement, 439; growth of
private rights, 439; the Permanent
Settlement of Bengal (1793), 441;
rights of the cultivators and intermedi-
ate tenure-holders, 442, 443; oppres
sion of the cultivators, 543; land reform
of 1859, 443, 444; the Rent Commis-
sion (1879), and further schemes for
reform, 444, 445; temporary Settle-
ment in Orissa, 445; yearly Settlement
in Assam, 445; Madras rayatwárí
Settlement, 445-447; survey' tenure
of Bombay, 448, 449; Southern India
Agriculturists' Relief Acts (1879_and
1881), 449, 450; land system of the
N.-W. Provinces and the Punjab, 451;
tálukdárs of Oudh, 451; land system
of the Central Provinces, 452; the
land revenue of India, 452; nature of
the land-tax, 469.

Languages (Aryan) of Northern India,

Sanskrit, 334; the evidence for and
against Sanskrit ever having been a
spoken language, 334-336; divergence
of Sanskrit and Prákrit, 336; spread
of the Prakrits, 336, 337; classifica-
tion of Prakrits-Máháráshtri or Mará-
thi, the Sauraseni or the Braj of the
North-Western Provinces, the Magádhí
or modern Bihárí, and the l'aisachi or
non-Aryan dialects, 337; evolution of
modern vernaculars from the Prakrits,
338, 339; the Sanskrit, Prákrit,
and non-Aryan elements in modern
vernaculars, 339-342; the seven modern
vernaculars, 342, 343; vernacular
literature and writers, 343-354.
Languages of non-Aryan tribes, 63-68;
the Dravidian languages of Southern
India; Tamil, its principal develop-
ment, 330-333-

Lassen, Indische Alterthumskunde,quoted,
161 (footnote 1); 191 (footnote 2);
340 (footnote 1).

Laswári, Defeat of Holkar at, 323; 398.

Law, Brahmanical codes of, 113-118:
the Grihya Sutras, an outgrowth from
the Vedas, 113; code of Manu and its
date, 113, 114; code of Yajnavalkya,
114, 115; scope of Hindu law, 115;
its rigid caste system, 115, 116; growth
of the law, 116; its incorporation of
local customs, 117; perils of modern
codification, 117, 118; modern legal
literature, 118.

Law, The, of British India, 433, 434-
Lawrence, Lord, Viceroy of India (1864-

69); famine in Orissa; Bhutan war:
inquiry into the status of the Ouch
peasantry; the commercial crisis of
1866, 424, 425.

Lawrence, Major, his ineffectual siege of

Pondicherri in 1748 in co-operation
with the English fleet under Admiral
Boscawen, 379.

Lawrence, Sir Henry, Resident at Lahore
(1845), 410; Chief Commissioner of
Oudh, 415; killed at Lucknow (1857)

420.

Lead, 626.

Leaf-wearing tribe of Orissa, 56.
Leather work, 603; leather factories at
Cawnpur, 417.

Left-hand and Right-hand castes of
Madras, 196, 197.

Legislative Council of the Governor-
General, 432; of Madras, Bombay,
and Bengal, 433.

Leopard, The Indian, 653, 654-
Limestone, 41, 42; 627, 628.

Lion, The Indian, or maneless, of Gujarát,
652.
Literature of Bengal, The, by Mr. Arcy

Dae, quoted, 347 and footnote; 345,
349, and footnote; 352 (footnote).
Literature of India, 118-129; 343-354:
and 480, 481; the Mahábhárata, 118-
122; the Rámáyana, 122-124; later
Sanskrit epics, 124, 125; Válmiki, the
author of the Rámáyana, 123; the
poet Kálidasa, 125; the Sanskrit
drama, 125, 126; the Hindu novel,
127; Beast stories and fables, 127:
Sanskrit lyric poetry, 128; the Puráras
or Brahmanical medieval theological
writings, 128, 129; modern Indian
literature, 129; Uriyá literature and
authors, 343, 344: Rájputána sacred
literature, 344; Hindi literature and
authors, 345, 346; Bengali literature
and authors, 346-354; 480, 451.
Local finance, 470.

Local and internal trade, statistics of,
592-597.

Locusts, 662.

Macaulay, Lord, first Law Member of
the Council of India, 406.
Macnaghten, Sir William, Assassination
of, at Kábul (1839), 408.
Madhava Acharya, a Sanskrit religious
writer of the 14th century, 191.
Madhu Ráo, fourth Marathá Peshwa
(1761-72), 321.

Madhu Ráo Náráyan, sixth Marathá
Peshwá (1774-95); first Maráthá war,
and treaty of Salbái, 323.

Madhu Sudan Datta, Bengalí epic poet

of the 19th century, 354.
Madras, founded in 1639, the first terri-
torial British possession in India, 369;
378; capture of, by the French; in-
effectual siege of, by the English;
restoration to the British, 379.
Madrasa, Muhammadan College of Cal-
cutta, 473.

Mahábhárata, the epic poem of the
heroic age in Northern India, 118-
122; the struggle between the Kaura-
vas and Pandavas, 119, 120; the
polyandry of Draupadi, 121.
Mahmud of Gházni (1001-30 A.D.),
272-275; his seventeen invasions of
India, 272, 273; patriotic resistance of
the Hindus, 273; sack of Somnath,
273, 274; conquest of the Punjab,
274; Mahmud's justice and thrift, 274,
275.

Mahmud Tughlak, last king of the Tugh-

lak dynasty (1398-1414 A.D.), invasion
of Timur (Tamerlane), 285.
Mailapur (St. Thomas' Mount), legend-
ary martyrdom of St. Thomas the
Apostle at, near Madras city, 231.
Mákum coal-beds in Assam, 621.

731

Makunda Rám, famous poet of Bardwán
in the 16th century; story of Kalketu
the hunter, 350, 351; the Srimanta
Sadagar, 351.
Malabar Christians, legendary preaching
of St. Thomas the Apostle on the
Malabar and Coromandel coasts (68
A.D.), 229; Thomas the Manichæan
and Thomas the Armenian merchant,
their rival claims as founders of Chris-
tianity in Southern India, 231, 232;
troubles of the ancient Indian Church,
240; the St. Thomas Nestorian Chris-
tians of Malabar, a powerful and re-
spected military caste, 240, 241; Por-
tuguese efforts at their conversion to
Rome, 241; incorporation of the St.
Thomas Christians into the Roman
Catholic Church, and downfall of the
Nestorian Church, 241; Synod of
Diamper (1599 A.D.), 241; Malabar
Christians under Jesuit prelates (1601
to 1653 A.D.), 241, 242; Malabar
Christians freed from Jesuit supre-
macy by the Dutch conquest of Cochin
(1563), 242; first Jacobite Bishop to
Malabar (1665), 242, 243; Malabar
Christians since 1665, their division
into Syrians and Jacobites, and present
numbers, 243; tenets of the Jacobites
of Malabar, 243; Nestorianism extinct
in Malabar, 243, 244; the Jesuit
Malabar Mission in the 17th and
18th centuries, 251; caste among
Malabar Christians, 251, 252; letters
of the Jesuit missionaries of Malabar,
252.

Malabar navigable back - waters or la-
goons, 553.

Malik Káfur, slave-general of Alá-ud-
dín (1303-15 A.D.); his conquest of
Southern India, 282.

Malleson, Colonel, History of the French
in India, and Final Struggles of the
French in India, by, quoted, 379 (foot-
note).

Mammalia of India, 652-659.

Manchester cotton imports, 565; 568.
'Man hunts of Muhammad Tughlak,
284, 285.

Mán Singh, Akbar's Hindu general and
governor of Bengal, 293.

Manu, the legendary founder of Sanskrit
law, 113, 114.

Manufactures and Arts.-See ARTS AND
MANUFACTURES.

Manure, Use of, 483; want of, a draw-
back to improved husbandry, 518.
Maráthá power, The (1634-1818 A.D.),
chap. xii. pp. 317-324. British
India won, not from the Mughals but
from the Hinglus, 317; rise of the
Maráthás, Shahji Bhonsla, 317; Sivají,