Female.

APPENDIX IX.-POPULATION OF BRITISH INDIA, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO EDUCATION, IN 1881-continued.

ALL OTHERS, including Kabirpanthis, Satnámís, Kumbhípathiás, Jews, Nat-worshippers, Bráhmos, Aboriginal Tribes, and unspecified.

Able to Read and Write, but not under Instruction.

Total Female 'Others.'

A

Abars, an aboriginal tribe in Assam, 57.
Aboriginal criminal tribes, 71, 72.
Aboriginal tribes, non-Aryan population,

chap. iii. pp. 53-74. Kistvaen builders,
flint and bronze periods, 53; non-
Aryans of Vedic India, 53, 54; Anda-
man islanders, 55; Anamalai hillmen,
55; Gonds and aboriginal tribes of the
Central Provinces, 55, 56; the Juángs
or leaf-wearers of Orissa, 56; tribes of
the Himalayas, 56; of Assam, 57;
Santáls, their tribal government, his-
tory, religion, 57-60; the Kandhs of
Orissa, their tribal government, blood
revenge, marriage by capture, and
human sacrifice, 60-63; origin of the
non-Aryan tribes, 63; the three non-
Aryan stocks-Tibeto-Burman, Dra-
vidian, Kolarian, — their languages,
63-68; statistics of non-Aryan races in
1872 and 1881, 69-71; Hinduizing
tendency among aboriginal tribes, 70,
71; crushed aboriginal tribes, 71;
gipsy clans, 71; aboriginal criminal
tribes, 71, 72; the non-Aryan hill
tribes as soldiers, 72; Colonel Dixon's
work among the Mhairs of Rájputána,
73; Sir James Outram's work among
the Bhils, 73; fidelity of the hill
races, 73.

Aborigines of India, by Mr. B. H. Hodg-
son, quoted, 340 (footnote 1).
Abu, Mount, in Rájputána, held sacred
by the Jains, 35; 159.

Abul Fazl, Akbar's finance minister and
historian, and the author of the Ain-i-
Akbari, 300.

Acta Sanctorum, The, of the Hindus,
208.

Adams, Major, defeat of Mír Kásim by,
at Gheriah and Udhanálá, 386.
Adams, Mr., acting Governor-General
(1823), 403.

Adam's Peak in Ceylon, Shrine common
VOL. VI.

to Buddhism, Siva-worship, and Mu-
hammadanism, 203.

Adil Shahi, Muhammadan dynasty in
Southern India (1490-1636 A.D.), 288.
Administration of British India.-See
BRITISH ADMINISTRATION.

Adoption, Hindu practice of, 414. 415.
Afghán dynasty of Delhi (1540-56 A.D.),

291.

Afghánistán, History of, under the

Duránís (1747 - 1826), 406; early
British dealings with (1800 - 37),
407 Afghán dynastic quarrels, 407;
Russian intrigues, 407; installation of
Shah Shuja, and occupation of Kábul
by a British force (1839), 407, 408;
rising of the Afghán people, murder of
the British envoy, and massacre of the
British army on its retreat through
the passes to India (1841-42), 408; the
British army of retribution, 408, 409;
Lord Ellenborough's proclamation,
409; second Afghán war (1878-81),
426, 427; murder of Sir L. Cavagnari,
the British Resident, 427; retributive
occupation of Kábul, 427; Sir F.
Roberts' march from Kábul to Kan-
dahár, and defeat of Ayub Khán, 424;
recognition of Abdurrahman Khán as
Amir, 427; the Rawal Pindi darbár,
427; trade routes to Afghánistán, 586;
value of Afghán trade, 586.

Agastya, the Brahman Saint of Southern
India, Legend of, 329.

Aghori, a carrion-eating sect of Sivaite
devotees, 214.

Agni, the Vedic God of Fire, 80.
Agra, capital of Akbar the Great, who
built the fort, 294; Akbar's tomb at
Sikandra near, 295; embassy of Sir
Thomas Roe to the Emperor Jahangir,
301; 367; Shah Jahan's great architec-
tural works at the Táj Mahál and Moti
Masjid, 304; deposition of Shah Jahán
and imprisonment within Agra Fort
(where he died), by his usurping son

2 Y

Aurangzeb, 305; establishment of
English factory at (1620 A.D.), 367.
Agra Canal, 29; 532, 533-
Agricultural Relief Acts for Southern
India, 449, 450.

Agricultural school at Sáidapet in Madras,
516.

Agricultural stock in India, 519-523;
famous breeds of cattle and horses,
520, 521.
Agriculture and products, chap. xvii.
pp. 482-544. Agriculture in India,
the occupation of almost the entire
population, 482, 483; various systems
of agriculture, 483; rotation of crops,
petite culture, 483, 484; statistics of
rice cultivation in different Provinces,
484-486; hill cultivation, 486; wheat,
486; area under principal food-grains,
487; millets and minor cereals, 488,
489; pulses, 489; oil-seeds, 489;
vegetables, fruits, and spices, 490;
palms and sugar-cane, 491; cotton,
491-494; jute, 494, 495; indigo,
495-498; opium, 498, 499; tobacco,
499, 500; uncertainty of Indian crop
statistics, 500; approximate area under
certain principal crops, 501; special
crops, coffee, 502-504; tea, 504-509;
cinchona, 509-511; silk, 511-514; lac
and lac-dye, 515; model farms, their
small success, 515, 516; the problem
of improved husbandry, 517; the im-
pediments to better husbandry, namely,
want of cattle, want of manure, and
want of water, 517-519; agricultural
stock, 519-523; forest conservancy and
growth of the Indian Forest Depart-
ment, 522; 524-527; nomadic cultiva-
tion, 527, 528; irrigation and its
function in India during famine, 528,
529; irrigation areas in the different
Provinces, 529-538; irrigation statistics
for British India, 538, 539; famines
and their causes, 539, 540; summary
of Indian famines, 541, 542; the great
famine in Southern India (1876-78),
542-544.

Agriculture in India, small holdings, 62;
absence of large commercial towns,
62.
Ahams, tribe in Assam, formerly the
ruling race in that Province, now a
crushed tribe, 71; present descendants
of, 188.

Ahi, the Vedic Demon of Drought, 81
and footnote.

Ahmadnagar, Muhammadan Kingdom of
Southern India (1490-1636 A.D.), 288.
Ahmad Shah, Durání (1747-61 A.D.),
314, 315.

Ain-i-Akbari, or chronicles of Akbar,
translated by Professor H. Blochmann,

272 (footnote); 291 (footnote 1); 295
(footnotes).
Aix-la-Chapelle, Madras restored to the
English by the treaty of (1748), 379
Ajmere, establishment of an Engash
factory at (1614 A.D.), 366.

Akás, an aboriginal hill tribe in Assam,
57-

Akbar the Great, founder of the Mughl
Empire (1556-1605 A.D.), 291-300;
chief events of his reign, 291 (footnote):
his work in India, 292, 293; concilia-
tory policy towards the Hindus, 293:
conquest of Rajput chiefs, and exten-
sion and consolidation of the Mughal
Empire, 293, 294; change of capital
from Delhi to Agra, 294; his religious
faith, 295; army, judicial, and police
reforms, 296; his revenue survey and
land settlement of India, 297, 298;
revenues of the Mughal Empire uncer
Akbar, 297-300.

Alabaster, Mr., The Wheel of the Law,
quoted, 137 (footnote).

Alá-ud-din, the second King of the Khilji
dynasty (1295-1315 A.D.), 281: his
invasion and conquest of Southern
India, 281, 282; massacre of Mughal
settlers, 282; Hindu revolts, 282.
Albuquerque, second Viceroy of Porte-
guese India (1509 A.D.), 359; his
capture of Goa, and death there, 359:
his policy towards the natives, 359,
360.
Albuquerque, John de, first Bishop of
Goa (1539-53 A.D.), 244.
Alexander the Great, his expedition to
India, and campaigns in the Punjab
and Sind (327-325 B.C.), 163-166.
Alexandria, the modern Uchh in the
Punjab, founded by Alexander, 166.
Alfred the Great's Mission to India
(883 A.D.), 239.

Ali Vardi Khan, Nawab of Bengal
(1740-56); construction of the Maraiha
ditch around Calcutta as a protection
against the Maráthás, 381.

Aligarh, Defeat of the Marathas at, by
Lord Lake (1803), 398.

Alíwál, Battle of, in the first Sikh war,