APPENDIX IX.-POPULATION OF BRITISH INDIA, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO EDUCATION, IN 1881-continued.
ALL OTHERS, including Kabirpanthis, Satnámís, Kumbhípathiás, Jews, Nat-worshippers, Bráhmos, Aboriginal Tribes, and unspecified.
Able to Read and Write, but not under Instruction.
207,465 27,168,143 1,758,375 44,378 1,102 129,706 564,004 21,892 125, 184 664,411 196,906 11,447,265 2,940,764 78,531 178 1,658 2,754,100 1,409,354 41,289,352 20,964,657 262,293 2,144 475.630 809,081 652,181 5,669,266 10,320,022 95,655 2,414 107.059 N.-W. Provinces and Oudh, 4,655,204 3,027,400 30,370,790 5,752,056 170,547 255 332,207 221,849 6,763,774 259,608 6,772 186 9,207 119,075 10,541 2,932,532 1,308,712 6,377 1,340 65,754 46,148 2,313,752 185,686 1,360 39 22,388 15,876 337,765 57,262 547 159,564 12,540 150,821 11,287 1,249 5,524
TOTAL FOR BRITISH INDIA, 10,546,735 5,788,200 128,540, 380 43,710,503 677,748 8,680 730,102 865,601 57,921 245,067 4,677,688 6,040,272 201,888,897
1 Includes Buddhists, Jains, Pársís, Satnámís, Kabírpanthis, Jews, Brahmos, etc.
N.B.-The figures given in this table are compiled direct from the Provincial Census Reports. It will be observed that in regard to the Christian population, some of the figures differ from those given in previous tables from the Imperial Census Report. The difference probably arises from the 'unspecified' columns being in some cases included as 'Europeans' in the Provincial Census Reports. The total of Christians agrees with the special returns of Christians within British India compiled for chapter ix. of this volume.
579 542 799 196 1,230 2,637 287 228 71,355 4,998 7,866
Abars, an aboriginal tribe in Assam, 57. Aboriginal criminal tribes, 71, 72. Aboriginal tribes, non-Aryan population,
chap. iii. pp. 53-74. Kistvaen builders, flint and bronze periods, 53; non- Aryans of Vedic India, 53, 54; Anda- man islanders, 55; Anamalai hillmen, 55; Gonds and aboriginal tribes of the Central Provinces, 55, 56; the Juángs or leaf-wearers of Orissa, 56; tribes of the Himalayas, 56; of Assam, 57; Santáls, their tribal government, his- tory, religion, 57-60; the Kandhs of Orissa, their tribal government, blood revenge, marriage by capture, and human sacrifice, 60-63; origin of the non-Aryan tribes, 63; the three non- Aryan stocks-Tibeto-Burman, Dra- vidian, Kolarian, — their languages, 63-68; statistics of non-Aryan races in 1872 and 1881, 69-71; Hinduizing tendency among aboriginal tribes, 70, 71; crushed aboriginal tribes, 71; gipsy clans, 71; aboriginal criminal tribes, 71, 72; the non-Aryan hill tribes as soldiers, 72; Colonel Dixon's work among the Mhairs of Rájputána, 73; Sir James Outram's work among the Bhils, 73; fidelity of the hill races, 73.
Aborigines of India, by Mr. B. H. Hodg- son, quoted, 340 (footnote 1). Abu, Mount, in Rájputána, held sacred by the Jains, 35; 159.
Abul Fazl, Akbar's finance minister and historian, and the author of the Ain-i- Akbari, 300.
Acta Sanctorum, The, of the Hindus, 208.
Adams, Major, defeat of Mír Kásim by, at Gheriah and Udhanálá, 386. Adams, Mr., acting Governor-General (1823), 403.
Adam's Peak in Ceylon, Shrine common VOL. VI.
to Buddhism, Siva-worship, and Mu- hammadanism, 203.
Adil Shahi, Muhammadan dynasty in Southern India (1490-1636 A.D.), 288. Administration of British India.-See BRITISH ADMINISTRATION.
Adoption, Hindu practice of, 414. 415. Afghán dynasty of Delhi (1540-56 A.D.),
Afghánistán, History of, under the
Duránís (1747 - 1826), 406; early British dealings with (1800 - 37), 407 Afghán dynastic quarrels, 407; Russian intrigues, 407; installation of Shah Shuja, and occupation of Kábul by a British force (1839), 407, 408; rising of the Afghán people, murder of the British envoy, and massacre of the British army on its retreat through the passes to India (1841-42), 408; the British army of retribution, 408, 409; Lord Ellenborough's proclamation, 409; second Afghán war (1878-81), 426, 427; murder of Sir L. Cavagnari, the British Resident, 427; retributive occupation of Kábul, 427; Sir F. Roberts' march from Kábul to Kan- dahár, and defeat of Ayub Khán, 424; recognition of Abdurrahman Khán as Amir, 427; the Rawal Pindi darbár, 427; trade routes to Afghánistán, 586; value of Afghán trade, 586.
Agastya, the Brahman Saint of Southern India, Legend of, 329.
Aghori, a carrion-eating sect of Sivaite devotees, 214.
Agni, the Vedic God of Fire, 80. Agra, capital of Akbar the Great, who built the fort, 294; Akbar's tomb at Sikandra near, 295; embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Emperor Jahangir, 301; 367; Shah Jahan's great architec- tural works at the Táj Mahál and Moti Masjid, 304; deposition of Shah Jahán and imprisonment within Agra Fort (where he died), by his usurping son
Aurangzeb, 305; establishment of English factory at (1620 A.D.), 367. Agra Canal, 29; 532, 533- Agricultural Relief Acts for Southern India, 449, 450.
Agricultural school at Sáidapet in Madras, 516.
Agricultural stock in India, 519-523; famous breeds of cattle and horses, 520, 521. Agriculture and products, chap. xvii. pp. 482-544. Agriculture in India, the occupation of almost the entire population, 482, 483; various systems of agriculture, 483; rotation of crops, petite culture, 483, 484; statistics of rice cultivation in different Provinces, 484-486; hill cultivation, 486; wheat, 486; area under principal food-grains, 487; millets and minor cereals, 488, 489; pulses, 489; oil-seeds, 489; vegetables, fruits, and spices, 490; palms and sugar-cane, 491; cotton, 491-494; jute, 494, 495; indigo, 495-498; opium, 498, 499; tobacco, 499, 500; uncertainty of Indian crop statistics, 500; approximate area under certain principal crops, 501; special crops, coffee, 502-504; tea, 504-509; cinchona, 509-511; silk, 511-514; lac and lac-dye, 515; model farms, their small success, 515, 516; the problem of improved husbandry, 517; the im- pediments to better husbandry, namely, want of cattle, want of manure, and want of water, 517-519; agricultural stock, 519-523; forest conservancy and growth of the Indian Forest Depart- ment, 522; 524-527; nomadic cultiva- tion, 527, 528; irrigation and its function in India during famine, 528, 529; irrigation areas in the different Provinces, 529-538; irrigation statistics for British India, 538, 539; famines and their causes, 539, 540; summary of Indian famines, 541, 542; the great famine in Southern India (1876-78), 542-544.
Agriculture in India, small holdings, 62; absence of large commercial towns, 62. Ahams, tribe in Assam, formerly the ruling race in that Province, now a crushed tribe, 71; present descendants of, 188.
Ahi, the Vedic Demon of Drought, 81 and footnote.
Ahmadnagar, Muhammadan Kingdom of Southern India (1490-1636 A.D.), 288. Ahmad Shah, Durání (1747-61 A.D.), 314, 315.
Ain-i-Akbari, or chronicles of Akbar, translated by Professor H. Blochmann,
272 (footnote); 291 (footnote 1); 295 (footnotes). Aix-la-Chapelle, Madras restored to the English by the treaty of (1748), 379 Ajmere, establishment of an Engash factory at (1614 A.D.), 366.
Akás, an aboriginal hill tribe in Assam, 57-
Akbar the Great, founder of the Mughl Empire (1556-1605 A.D.), 291-300; chief events of his reign, 291 (footnote): his work in India, 292, 293; concilia- tory policy towards the Hindus, 293: conquest of Rajput chiefs, and exten- sion and consolidation of the Mughal Empire, 293, 294; change of capital from Delhi to Agra, 294; his religious faith, 295; army, judicial, and police reforms, 296; his revenue survey and land settlement of India, 297, 298; revenues of the Mughal Empire uncer Akbar, 297-300.
Alabaster, Mr., The Wheel of the Law, quoted, 137 (footnote).
Alá-ud-din, the second King of the Khilji dynasty (1295-1315 A.D.), 281: his invasion and conquest of Southern India, 281, 282; massacre of Mughal settlers, 282; Hindu revolts, 282. Albuquerque, second Viceroy of Porte- guese India (1509 A.D.), 359; his capture of Goa, and death there, 359: his policy towards the natives, 359, 360. Albuquerque, John de, first Bishop of Goa (1539-53 A.D.), 244. Alexander the Great, his expedition to India, and campaigns in the Punjab and Sind (327-325 B.C.), 163-166. Alexandria, the modern Uchh in the Punjab, founded by Alexander, 166. Alfred the Great's Mission to India (883 A.D.), 239.
Ali Vardi Khan, Nawab of Bengal (1740-56); construction of the Maraiha ditch around Calcutta as a protection against the Maráthás, 381.
Aligarh, Defeat of the Marathas at, by Lord Lake (1803), 398.
Alíwál, Battle of, in the first Sikh war,
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