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India in the first half of the seventh century. At that date, as he informs us, the kingdom of Vârâṇasî had a circuit of eight hundred miles,' while its capital measured nearly four miles by somewhat more than one. The inhabitants of the kingdom were, for the most part, Hindus. These were, mainly, worshippers of Siva; and among them were two classes of ascetics.2 Their temples amounted to a hundred, which gave lodgement to about ten thousand devotees." The Buddhists, who

1 "About four thousand lis." On the length of the li, consult Father Vivien de Saint-Martin, in Mémoires, etc., Vol. II., pp. 256– 259.

* On M. Julien's own showing, both in the Mémoires and in the Méthode, one of these classes, that of naked mendicants, has the name, in Chinese translettering, of ni-kien-t'o, i.e., niggantha, or even nigánth,—a Prakrit word softened from the Sanskrit nirgrantha, which the French translation exhibits. Nowhere in his works does M. Julien acknowledge, what he must have known full well, that he constantly puts into the mouth of Hiouen Thsang Sanskrit words, where he really used Prakrit. But there was a theory to support; and facts must be fitted to it.

3 In the first instance, M. Julien wrote: "On compte une centaine de temples des dieux (Déválayas) où habitent environ dix mille hérétiques, qui, la plupart, adorent le dieu Ta-tseu-t'saï-t’ien (Mahêçvara déva)." And there should seem to be no improvement in his later rendering: "On voit une centaine de temples des Dieux. Il y a environ dix mille hérétiques qui, la plupart, révèrent le dieu Tatseu-thsaï (Mahêçvara Dêva)."

The Chinese does not, to be sure, as the translator at first expressed it, literally quarter the aforesaid heretics in the temples, or, rather, monasteries; and yet its indefiniteness easily endures this interpretation. So I am informed by Professor Summers, my obligations to whom I shall presently acknowledge in connexion with a matter of graver import. And this construction alone quadrates with the previous context. For Hiouen Thsang makes Benares a large kingdom, and one in which the Hindus much outnumbered the Buddhists; and there must, then, have been many times ten thousand of the former.

are stated to have been much in the minority, kept up thirty religious houses, tenanted by three thousand inmates, all of the Sammatîya sect. In the capital1 were twenty Hindu temples, and a latten statue of Siva, a hundred feet in height. We are not apprised whether there were any sacred edifices of the pilgrim's fellowreligionists in the capital itself; and the obvious inference is, that there were none, or none worth commemorating. On the monasteries, towers, and reservoirs of the immediate vicinity,2 hallowed by Buddhist

One need do no more than collate M. Julien's two versions of Hiouen Thsang's short account of Benares, to be satisfied that the translator's notion of the sense of his original is, sometimes, of the vaguest.

1 Its name is not specified. Fă Hian—of the beginning of the fifth century, and so an earlier traveller than Hiouen Thsang,—is translated as speaking of "la ville de Pho lo naï, dans le royaume de Kia chi." Foě Kouě Ki, p. 304.

2 Two of these remembrancers of the Buddhist faith, towers at Sârnâth, beyond the Varanâ or Burna, are still conspicuous landmarks. The larger of them is called, by the natives, Dhamekh,— a corruption, in all likelihood, of an old word involving dharma as its first factor.

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On the word of M. Stanislas Julien, Hiouen Thsang locates a monument au nord-est de la capitale, et à l'occident du fleuve de Po-lo-ni-sse (Vârâṇaçî)," and tells of a certain monastery at the distance of "environ dix li au nord-est du fleuve de Po-lo-ni-sse (Vârâṇaçî)." In a foot note, the phrase "à l'occident du fleuve de Po-lo-ni-sse (Vârâņaçî)" is explained to signify "à l'occident du Gange."

As the Chinese pilgrim again and again names the Ganges, it seemed to me unlikely that he should anywhere speak of it by a periphrasis like that of "the river of London." I had observed, too, that, instead of "environ," etc., M. Klaproth had written: "Au nord [sic] de la ville coule la rivière Pho lo nă (Varaņâ); sur son bord, à dix li de la ville," etc.; Pho lo na sse being, as he says just before, Hiouen Thsang's name for Benares. Moreover, in M. Julien's

associations, Hiouen Thsang dwells at great length, and with that lingering and minutiose reminiscence which marks a credulous and fervid piety.

That, in very early days, Benares attained to promi"Liste des Mots Abrégés ou Corrompus," I noticed the entry "Polo-naï, faute pour Po-lo-ni-sse (Vârâṇaçî);" and I was thereby unavoidably misled to the conclusion that Po-lo-naï, the so-called shortened or depraved form of Po-lo-ni-sse, must be employed in the original, the passage or passages containing it being left undesignated by the translator.

No one can give much thought to the labours of M. Julien, without detecting that they were never executed in contemplation of circumspect perusal. Warned by my past experience, and weighing the premises just recited, I at once suspected management, issuing in the obliteration, in two places, of the river Varanâ. I had recourse to Professor James Summers, a distinguished Sinologist; and my suspicion was changed into certitude.

Especially ought M. Julien to have abstained from mending his text here by guess, above all unconfessedly, inasmuch as, where the name Po-lo-ni-sse is first introduced, there is, in the Chinese, a gloss,—delusively appropriated by the translator, as we have seen,notifying that the kingdom so named had aforetime been called, by mistake, Po-lo-naï; the spelling, in passing, of the Foě Kouě Ki. It was not, surely, to be expected, that, close to this notification, we should find—and not once only, but twice,-Po-lo-nie (Varaņâ), if Polo-ni-sse (Vârânasî) had been intended. M. Julien, however, deemed otherwise; and he unavowedly took for granted, besides, that, in both these instances, Po-lo-nie was a corruption of the already corrupt Po-lo-naï.

Father Vivien de Saint-Martin, in his geographical commentary on M. Julien's translation, is pleased to substitute, for "fleuve de Po-lo-ni-sse (Vârâņaçî)," "rivière Po-lo-ni-ssé (Varâṇasi);" and he proceeds to suggest,—as I have shown above, in note 2 to p. xviii.,— that the city of Benares borrowed its appellation from that of this imaginary stream, held, by him, to be identical with the 'Epévveσis

of Arrian.

More than this, M. Julien, in one of his Indexes, writes “Vârâṇaçî, rivière, aujourd'hui Barna, l'Erinésès des Grecs;" and the violence which Father Vivien de Saint-Martin does to his text has, thus, his

nent fame is a conclusion scarcely indicated by documentary evidence. And so it was during the period of the Buddhists. So far as we know, these sectaries, unlike the Muhammadans, never assumed an attitude of implied acquiescence. So important an alteration of opinion as that herein involved certainly called for specific acknowledgment in his "Errata Alphabétique," a list which extends to seven pages.

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In fine, M. Julien has no Sanskrit authority whatever for his "Vârâṇaçî," i.e., Vârâṇaśî. Po-lo-ni-sse may, indeed, stand for Vârâṇasî, but so indeterminate is the Chinese alphabet, may just as well disguise Vârâņasî, Varâṇasî, Varaṇasî, Bârânaśî, and scores more of quadrisyllables. M. Julien allows us an option between Po-la-na-sse, Po-lo-ni-sse, Po-lo-ni-se, and P'o-lo-ni-sse, and between "Varânaçi" and "Vârâṇaçi." It cannot be proved that Hiouen Thsang did not hear, and do his best to spell, as the names of the river and city, Barnâ-the very word now used, and Barâņas. Indeed, the balance of probability is overwhelmingly in favour of the position, that the Indian proper names translettered by Hiouen Thsang were Prakrit, not Sanskrit. Perhaps it is not strange that M. Julien, in drawing up his suicidal Méthode, and even earlier, choso to shut his eyes to this presumption. Vide supra, p. xxvii., note 2.

"With M. Julien's method, mathematical certainty seems to have taken the place of learned conjectures." So we read, in the Saturday Review, Vol. XI., p. 247 (1861), in an article lately republished as Professor Max Müller's. Finding M. Julien's method to be much more precarious than it appears at first sight, I took occasion, some years ago, with ample detail of reasons, to reclaim against this heedless hyperbole of encomium. Continued examination has multiplied my arguments of protest; and I am convinced that one will do well to use M. Julien's volumes, valuable and instructive as they are, with constant caution.

That M. Julien, for all the self-complacent air of his Méthode, has struck out a single idea, save of detail, that was unknown to M. Rémusat and the editors of the Foě Kouě Ki, I have not succeeded in discovering.

Mémoires sur les Contrées Occidentales, etc., Vol. I., p. 354; Vol. II., pp. 345, 360, 361, 479, 562: Foě Kouě Ki, p. 307: Histoire de la Vie de Hiouen-Thsang, etc., pp. 83, 132, 429, 464: Chips from a German Workshop, Vol. I., p. 296: Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, for 1861, pp. 334-336.

vehement hostility as against the Hindus. Not only was the character of their religion pacific, but at no time during their presence in India' were they, albeit in the ascendant, beyond doubt a majority of the people. It

1 How the Buddhists came to leave India has not yet been shown satisfactorily. The Sankara-digvijaya of Mâdhava-which professes to abridge an older work, but which, perhaps, has no better basis, for the most part, than oral tradition, eked out by romance,- -bears witness, it is true, to a ferocious spirit of opposition to those religionists; and such a spirit, if entertained after they had become strangers to the country, may have been entertained while they were still face to face with Hindus. Nevertheless, we have no historical proof that India was ever the theatre of a Buddhist persecution. Few Sanskrit manuscripts exist that were copied more than four or five centuries ago, at which time Indian Buddhists must have been very rare, if there were any at all. Neither among the Hindus nor among the Jainas has one ever observed anything like that liberality of literary curiosity which would be at much pains to perpetuate, by transcription, the holy writ of an antagonist creed; and the fact of a persecution of the Buddhists cannot, accordingly, be deduced from the fact that their books are now but very rarely met with in the possession of natives of India.

Considering the character of their respective beliefs, the Buddhists and the Hindus were under no obligation to be truculently inimical to each other. There is even reason to believe that there were medieval Indian kings who, from motives of policy, adiaphorized between the two great classes of the faithful into which their subjects were divided. For instance, a position of practical indifference in respect of the prevailing superstitions seems to be ascertained with reference to Harsha, king of Kanauj in the seventh century. Hiouen Thsang speaks of him much as if he were a Buddhist; and Bâņa, in the Harsha-charita, writes of him as if of a Hindu. Further, we find that monarch figuring as dedicatee of the Nágánanda, and also of the Ratnávali, two dramas, severally Buddhist and Brahmanical.

For the Harsha-charita and the Nágánanda,—of which I discovered copies, after these works had slumbered neglected for many generations, see my Vásavadattá, Preface, pp. 12-18 and 50-54; and the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, for 1862, pp. 12, 13. See, further, on the Buddhists in Southern India, Professor Wilson's Mackenzie Collection, Vol. I., Introduction, pp. lxiii.-lxvi.

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