dance went on. We must say, however, by way of extenuation, that in Germany the Sabbath is not kept with the same rigour as in this country, and the Duke appears to be extremely fond of this youthful exercise; he is also a passionate lover of music, and rarely misses an opportunity of showing his fondness for that art. A good concert, or even a good song, is to him an event of importance, which he never fails to record in his journal. Music is a part of a German's existence; there is no country in the world, not even Italy, where the knowledge of it is so widely spread, and where so many good performers are to be found. It is said, that in Thuringia, the country of Duke Bernard, even the peasants, are all skilled in music.

Fern im Thüringerlande, wo jeglicher Bauer Musik weiss.-Voss.

It was reported at New-Harmony while the Prince was there, that Mr. Owen intended to add two branches to his establishment, one of which was to be located in the state of New-York, and the other at Valley-Forge, in Pennsylvania. We think he will hardly find a comfortable footing in the midst of the descendants of the companions of William Penn. Valley-Forge is a consecrated place; its inhabitants will not suffer it to be thus desecrated.

We must now relieve the reader from the contemplation of these scenes, by giving the Prince's own description of another establishment, which although, like that of Mr. Owen, founded on the system of general co-operation, yet may be considered as its very opposite, as it has religion and morality for its basis. It is, indeed, mixed with no small degree of enthusiasm; but without this ingredient it seems impossible to keep men together under a system of community of property, while there are numerous examples of such associations being maintained for a long time by means of a strong religious feeling. The monastic institutions of Europe, some of which have resisted the efforts made by the most powerful governments for their destruction, are a strong confirmation of this truth; but it does not appear that cold abstract principles have yet been able to produce any similar effects. As a counterpart to what precedes, we shall give an extract from the Duke's description of Mr. Rapp's new settlement at Economy, in his own language.

"As we approached the place, we passed by two smoking brick-kilns, and came to a newly erected house. On the top of it stood three woodland hornblowers, who on our approach began to blow their horns. At the tavern, a handsome large frame house, we were received by old Mr. Rapp, at the head of the superintendents of his community. They were all gray headed, venerable old men. Most of them had emigrated with Mr. Rapp, twenty-one years ago, from Wurtemberg. After the first salutations, they led us into a plainly but tastefully furnished apartment. There we conversed for a short time, and then sat down to dinner. The table was covered with dishes in the German style of cookery, and cordial gaiety presided over the repast.

"From what I had read about Mr. Rapp and his society, and what I had late

ly heard at New-Harmony, I must own that I was strongly prejudiced against him and his people, and I rejoiced that I had come to see with my own eyes another and a better establishment. I never saw a society governed in a manner so truly patriarchal as this is, and what these men have performed is the best evidence of the wisdom of their institutions, and of the harmony that prevails among them.

"The elder Rapp is a large man, seventy years old; his years do not appear to have diminished his strength; his hair, indeed, is gray; but his blue eyes, shaded by thick eye-brows, are full of life and fire; his voice is strong and impressive, and by a peculiar mode of gesticulation, he knows how to give a great deal of expression to what he says. He speaks a kind of Swabian dialect, somewhat mixed with English ;* a language to which the ear of a German must become accustomed in the United States. What he said, however, was well conceived, and clearly expressed.

"Rapp's object is nearly the same with that which Mr. Owen professes to have in view; a community of property, and the co-operation of all the mem. bers of the society to the general good, by means of which, the welfare of eve ry individual is to be secured. Mr. Rapp's society, however, is not kept toge ther by this hope alone; but also by the bond of religion, which in Mr. Owen's institution is entirely wanting. The results are in favour of Rapp's system. By that of Mr. Owen, not only no great effects have yet been produced, but the prospects are very unfavourable. It is, indeed, surprising, and much to be wondered at, that a plain man, like Mr. Rapp, should have succeeded in knitting so fast together a society of nearly seven hundred persons, and persuaded them in a manner to honour him as a prophet. He has done this by means of his ascendancy over the minds of his associates, even so far as to suspend the connexion between the sexes. It was found that the society was likely to become too numerous, and therefore the members of the community agreed with each other to live with their wives like brothers and sisters. A nearer connexion is not forbid. den, any more than marriage; both are only advised against. Therefore some marriages continue to take place; some children are born every year, and for these children there is a school, with a teacher at the head of it. The community entertain the highest veneration for old Mr. Rapp; they call him father, and treat him as such."

We have not room to insert the remainder of the very interesting and copious description which our author gives of this remarkable settlement, of its agriculture and horticulture, of its cotton and woollen manufactories, its mills, its machines, and its various sources of prosperity. The comparison of his long and detailed accounts of Mr. Rapp's and Mr. Owen's establishments, will furnish matter for much serious and important reflection, to the statesman as well as to the philosopher. In the one we see a blooming and rapid creation, rising as it were by enchantment; in the other we think we see a cold hand employed in the work of destruction. New-Harmony is no more what it was when Mr. Rapp and his followers left it. While Mr. Owen's abstract doctrines confuse the head, Mr. Rapp's enthusiastic system warms the heart, and by that means commands and puts in action all the powers of the body and the faculties of the mind. Common opinions will never unite men in close and intimate society, particularly those who have received a different education

We have seen a curious piece of poetry, written in that Germano-American dialect, of which we have since endeavoured in vain to obtain a copy. It was printed in a country newspaper, about forty years ago, and began thus:

"Gut morgen, Hans! hast du schon gebreakfast ?"

and different habits in early life; common feelings and strong feelings too, can alone produce that effect.

We do not know what are the sentiments of the Duke on the general subject of negro slavery. On this topic, as well as on most others connected with the politics of our country, he has thought it best to preserve a prudent silence. We know, however, that his mind revolts at the abuse of that state of things; the manner in which he relates a scene of this description, which he happened to witness at New-Orleans, convinces us that he is disposed to assert the prerogatives of human nature, without distinction of rank or colour. We shall give this anecdote in his own words, as a good specimen of the feelings of his honest heart.

"Every day," says he, (he speaks of New-Orleans,) "affords examples of the degrading treatment which the poor negroes experienced. I do not like to speak of it; but I do not wish to pass over in silence a scene to which I was a witness, on the 22d of March (1826), and which filled me with indignation. In the boarding-house where I lodged, there was a young Virginian female slave, who served as a house-maid; a neat, attentive, and orderly girl. There was a Frenchman living in the house, who, at an early hour, called for water. As it was not brought to him immediately, he flew down stairs into the kitchen, where he found the poor girl employed about some other business of the family. He immediately struck her with his fist, so that the blood gushed down her face. The unfortunate creature, excited by this undeserved treatment, put herself on the defensive, and seized her aggressor by the throat. He cried aloud for help; but nobody would interfere. The fellow then ran into his room, packed up his things, and said he would leave the house. But now our landlady, Madame Herries, when she heard this, in order to make her peace with the rascal, had the infamy to order twenty-six strokes of a cow-skin to be inflicted upon the poor girl, and carried her cruelty so far, as to compel her lover, a young black slave, who served in the family, to be her executioner. This was not all; the Frenchman, who was a clerk to a commercial house at Montpelier, was not satisfied with this punishment. He lodged a complaint against the girl at the Mayor's office, caused her to be arrested by two constables, and had her lashed again in his presence. I regret that I did not pay attention to the name of this wretch, in order to make his shameful conduct as public as it deserves to be."

This is truly a shocking story, and we would hardly give credit to it, if it were not so well attested. We hope there are not many such monsters in our country.

The Duke is very sparing of anecdotes, and perhaps he is right; he, however, tells them well. The one that he relates of his friend, Bishop Dubourg, also at New-Orleans, comes very à propos to do away the impressions of that which we have just heard. It suggests a good method of preventing the bad effects of dangerous books, and at the same time making up an Episcopal library.

"Bishop Dubourg, whom I have often visited during my stay in this city, received me one day in his library, which besides theological works, contains many books of History and the Belles Lettres. I remarked a complete set of the French Encyclopédie, and complimented the Bishop upon it, expressing my astonishment that he had been able to purchase that work in this country. The good man smiled, and related to me how he had come by it. As he was travelling through Flanders in the years 1816 and 1817, with the Bishop Prince de Broglie, he became acquainted with a gentleman and his daughter, well known for their excessive bigotry. The lady, a great reader, told him in confidence that she felt

great scruples of conscience, because she had the Encyclopédie in her library, which was said to contain so many bitter things against the church. She asked. him whether she should not throw that scandalous book into the fire? Being him. self very fond of books, and seeing that her copy was perfect and entire, he advised her against the pious deed: but, said he, if you are willing to trust me with that book, I shall take care to make it quite harmless. In this manner he rescued from the flames that valuable work, and incorporated it into his library."

By way of specimen of the manner in which our author speaks of our public affairs, and our public men, and at the same time to introduce a curious anecdote which he tells of Bonaparte and our ministers in France, we shall insert here the account which he gives of his interview with Mr. Crawford, during his stay in Georgia :

"On the 22d of December, (1825,) we were obliged to remain at Augusta. We heard that Mr. Crawford, the former ambassador of the United States at Paris, was there. We went, therefore, to pay him a visit. Mr. Crawford is a man of colossal stature, and of a noble external appearance. He was about a year ago struck with an apoplexy, so that he was paralyzed on one side, and spoke with difficulty. To my astonishment, he could not speak French, although he had resided several years as ambassador at Paris. It is related that Mr. Crawford's predecessor in that office, was Chancellor Livingston, who was deaf: they were both presented at the same time to the Emperor Napoleon, who, as he could not converse with either, expressed his astonishment that the United States should send him deaf and dumb ambassadors. I therefore enjoyed very little of Mr. Crawford's conversation; for, as he was an old friend of Mr. B., it was carried on chiefly between them, and I was often referred to his daughter and her friends, who were in the room. There was, indeed, much to expect from the daughter of such a statesman. She had been brought up in a school in one of the southern states. The more, however, I travelled southward, the more I found that the inhabitants of those parts are behind their northern neighbours in point of education. Mr. Crawford was the hero of the Democratic party, and would probably, but for his infirmity, have been President in the Spring of 1825. But, on that account, General Jackson was set up in his place as a candidate ; and so many personal objections were made to that individual, that the present President, Adams, obtained the victory over him."

Ignorance of the French language, among the Germans, is considered as a sure sign of a total want of genteel education. After the downfall of Bonaparte, when the spirit of revenge against France was carried to its highest pitch, an attempt was made to exclude the French entirely from polite circles, and to speak only the vernacular tongue; the men of letters affected to obliterate from the German idiom every word of French origin, and to substitute others in their stead; but these attempts. did not succeed; the work before us is a proof of it, as it is sufficiently interlarded with downright French words. The late Dr. Seybert of Philadelphia, used to relate, that when at Göttingen, or some other town in Germany, he went to visit the celebrated Zimmermann, of whom we have spoken in the beginning of this Review. Zimmermann addressed him in French, and the Doctor could not answer. It is impossible to express the look of contempt which the German physician gave him, which was by no means softened, when Seybert spoke to him in the German dialect of this country. At last, with much difficul

ty, our countryman made him understand that he was an American from Pennsylvania, where the French language was not an indispensable part of a good education. From that moment, he said, the author of the treatise on Solitude, treated him with great kindness, and made no difficulty to speak with him in the idiom of his native country.

As to the anecdote related of Bonaparte, concerning Chancellor Livingston's deafness, and his successor's inability to converse in the French language, we have heard it related before, but Mr. Crawford was not a party to it. That gentleman was not the immediate successor of the Chancellor; it was his brother-in-law, General Armstrong, who, at that time, it is said, could not speak French, and whom the First Consul used sometimes to banter, by asking him at his levees, whether he had made some progress in the study of the diplomatic language. Mr. Livingston was very hard of hearing, when he went over to France, notwithstanding which he succeeded in negotiating the most important treaty the United States ever made, that which annexed Louisiana to this country. He was very sensible of his infirmity, and used frequently to jest upon it. "Come," said he one day, to a friend who was very near sighted, and whom he was trying to persuade to accompany him as secretary of legation, "come with me to Paris, and I shall say to the First Consul: See, Sir, what confidence our government place in you: they send you a deaf ambassador, and a blind secretary."" Chancellor Livingston was one of the ablest men this country possessed; and the choice made of him by Mr. Jefferson, (deaf as he might be,) was fully justified.

6

The reader must not expect, in the work before us, more than a superficial view of the country which the Duke of Saxe-Weimar undertakes to describe. He was too short a time among us to make very profound observations; and that time was almost entirely spent in stages and in steam-boats. His book is, therefore, rather a series of etchings, than a connected graphic view. At every place through which he passes, and wherever he stops but for a moment, he resorts to his pencil, and sketches the scenes that present themselves before him. The notes that he takes, bear the stamp of the impression which the objects made upon him at the first moment; and we can trace his various feelings at different times, and in different places. It is evident that what he wrote, was not intended for the public eye, and that he had no idea of being engaged in a literary composition. He tells us himself, that he made these memoranda for his friends, and not for the world; and this he needed not have told us, for the book itself bears sufficient testimony of it. We find in it numerous unimportant details, recorded in haste, to be reviewed at leisure; many things designed only for the eyes of