ARTICLE VIII. Excessive Bail Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. ARTICLE IX. Rights Retained by the People The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. ARTICLE X. Reserved Rights of the States The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. ARTICLE XI The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. SECTION I. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. SEC. II. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. ARTICLE XIV SECTION I. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States ARTICLE VIII. What is said of bail, fines, and punishments? ARTICLE XI. What is said of the restriction upon the judicial power? What is the history of the eleventh amendment? Ans. It was proposed by Congress in 1794, and declared adopted in 1798. ARTICLE XIII.-Section 1. What is said of slavery and involuntary servitude? Sec. 2. What power has Congress with reference to this subject? What is the history of the thirteenth amendment? Ans. It was proposed in 1865, and declared adopted in December of the same year. (See Const., Art. IV., Sec. II.) ARTICLE XIV. When was the 14th Article adopted? Ans. Having been ratified by three-fourths of the states, it was declared adopted on the 28th of July, 1868. *For the twelfth amendment, see page 17. and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. SEC. II. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for president and vice-president of the United States, representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state. SEC. III. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, or elector of president and vice-president, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any state, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability. SEC. IV. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall Section 1. Who are declared to be citizens of the United States? What restriction is imposed upon the States with regard to the privileges or immunities of citizens ? What, with regard to the lives, liberty, or property of persons? What, with regard to the protection of the law given to persons Sec. 2. How are representatives and direct taxes apportioned among the states? How does this provision of the Constitution differ from the one formerly in force? (See Const., Art. I., Sec. II., 3d Clause.) When shall a reduction be made in the basis of representation to which a state may be entitled ? Sec. 3. What class of persons, in consequence of their rebellious acts, are deprived of certain exalted privileges? Name the privileges which are withheid from them. Is it possible for any person belonging to that class to have the privileges accorded to him? How? (See Const., Art. I., Sec. III., 3d Clause.) Sec. 4. What shall not be questioned as regards the debts of the United States? What debts, obligations, and claims, are declared illegal and void? What restriction is imposed upon the General Government and individual states, with respect to such debts, obligations, and claims ? not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. SEC. V. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. ARTICLE XV SECTION I. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any state, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. SEC. II. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Sec. 5. What legislation may Congress enact, in regard to the provisions of Article XIV.? EARLY CLAIMS MADE BY EUROPEAN NATIONS TO TERRITORY IN NORTH AMERICA Spain. By reason of the discoveries of Columbus, De Leon, and De Soto, and the explorations of Cortez, Coronado, and others, Spain claimed the southern part of North America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The northern limits were indefinite. England. By reason of the discoveries of the Cabots, and the explorations of Gosnold, Smith, and Drake, with those made by the expeditions sent by Raleigh, England claimed all the heart of North America-from the latitude of Labrador to that of Florida-from ocean to ocean. France. By reason of the discoveries of Cartier, Champlain, and others, in connection with the explorations of Marquette and La Salle, and the planting of military, missionary, and trading stations at different points, France claimed the valleys of the St. Lawrence, Ohio, and Mississippi, and the country, including the islands, in the region of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Holland. By reason of the discoveries and explorations of Hudson, the Dutch claimed the valley of the Hudson, with all the country from the Connecticut river, and even further east, to Delaware bay on the south. |