under General Stark, and defeated; and, on the same day (Aug. 16), a detachment which had been sent to the aid of Baum was also defeated.

R

A

St.Johns

N A DA

La Colle

Plattsburge

SARANAC RIVER

AU SABLE

PontKeni

Burlington

Westport Vergennes

Crown Pointo

Mt.

Ticonderoga Independence

Saratoga.

BURGOYNE'S SURRENDER

THE TWO BATTIES

OF STILLWATER

R.

MOHAWK

Schenectady

ALBANY

cans.

GEORGE

HUDSON

M

Hubbardton

Skenesborough (now Whitehall)

Bennington

MASS.

27. First Battle of Stillwater. The loss of so many places had created considerable alarm and dissatisfaction with Schuyler, and General Gates was appointed to the command. On the 19th of September, the Americans made an attack on Burgoyne's army at Bem'-is Heights, near Stillwater. The battle was long and severe; and Burgoyne, although he maintained his ground, found his progress effectually checked.

28. Battle of Saratoga.For two weeks the armies confronted each other; when Bur

goyne, finding that he must either fight or surrender, moved forward to attack the Ameri

This brought on the second battle of Stillwater, sometimes called the battle of Saratoga (October 7th), in

forming for battle, he shouted to his soldiers: "There are the red-coats; we must beat them to-day, or Molly Stark will be a widow."

27. Who succeeded Schuyler? Account of the First Battle of Stillwater? 28. Battle of Saratoga? Its result? What was the conduct of Arnold? Where is Saratoga?

which Burgoyne, after the most determined efforts, was compelled to fall back. In these two battles, Benedict Arnold, though without any particular command, fought with great bravery, and was severely

GENERAL BURGOYNE

hope and confidence, and, moreover, convinced the friends. of American independence in Europe, that the cause of the patriots would triumph.

30. Treaty with France. When the news of the capture of Burgoyne reached France, the government of that country decided openly to take the part of the struggling colonies; and, on the 6th of February, 1778, she made a treaty of alliance with them, acknowledging their independence, and agreeing to furnish them with assistance in the war with Great Britain. This important event had been brought about mainly through the efforts and address

*The whole number of prisoners exceeded five thousand. By this surrender, the Americans acquired a fine train of artillery, five thousand muskets, and a large quantity of clothing, tents, and military stores.

29. Effect of Burgoyne's surrender? 30. Treaty with France? How brought about?

of Benjamin Franklin, who, as has been already stated, was sent to France for this purpose in 1776.*

31. Evacuation of Philadelphia.-The French government at once fitted out a fleet, which, about the middle of April, sailed for America, under the command of Count D'Estaing (des-tang'). In the meantime, General Howe resigned his command, and General Clinton was appointed his successor. Fearing for the safety of the army at Philadelphia, the British government ordered Clinton to proceed with his army to New York. Accordingly, Philadelphia was evacuated (June 18th).

32. Battle of Monmouth. While on his march to New York, Clinton was overtaken by Washington at Monmouth, and a severe battle ensued. General Lee led the advance and was ordered to make an attack upon the enemy's line. Instead of doing so, he commenced a retreat; when Washington coming up, severely reprimanded him on the spot, and again ordered him to rally his men and advance. This was done, and the battle continued until nightfall; but without a decisive result.

*The British government was much alarmed on learning that the Americans had obtained the aid of France, and sent commissioners to offer terms of peace with the colonies, on condition that they would return to their allegiance. Congress, however, refused to listen to any other terms than a full recognition of the independence of the States. One of the commissioners attempted to bribe General Joseph Reed to persuade Congress to listen favorably to their terms, offering him ten thousand pounds for the service; but the patriot, with honest indignation, replied: "I am not worth purchasing; but, such as I am, the king of England is not rich enough to buy me! "

↑ Lee's pride having been wounded by the rebuke which he had received on the field of battle, he sent two disrespectful letters to Washington. He was therefore tried by court-martial, and suspended from his command for a year. He never rejoined the army; but, just before the close of the war, died at Philadelphia.

31. What caused the evacuation of Philadelphia? 32. The battle of Monmouth? Account of the battle? Its result? Where is Monmouth (Map, p. 82) ?

WASHINGTON REBUKING LEE AT MONMOUTH

During the night Clinton continued his retreat to New York.*

33. The hopes of the Americans in regard to the French fleet were disappointed. D'Estaing did not arrive in the Delaware until after Lord Howe had sailed; and although a plan had been formed to attack Newport, he accomplished nothing. General Sullivan, who was to act with him, gained a position on Rhode Island, and drove back the British under Pigot, who attacked him at a place called Quaker Hill (Aug. 29); D'Estaing's fleet having sailed to Boston, and being threatened by a greatly superior force, Sullivan was obliged to withdraw to the main land.

34. Massacres of Wyoming and Cherry Valley.— Among the saddest events of the year 1778, were the massacres at Wy-o'-ming and Cherry Valley. In July, a band of tories and Indians, under Colonel John Butler, entered the beautiful valley of Wyoming, Pennsylvania, which was almost defenseless, as most of the able-bodied men had joined the patriot army. The women and children took refuge in a fort; but the place was soon captured, and the savage Indians burned, plundered, and murdered, until the whole valley was a dreadful scene of

*The battle of Monmouth was fought on Sunday. The weather was intensely hot, and many died from the heat and from imprudently drinking cold water. At the close of the battle, the American army lay on their arms ready to renew it the next day. Washington, with Lafayette by his side, slept at the foot of a tree. On leaving Philadelphia, Clinton's army was about twelve thousand strong; his baggage-wagons formed a train twelve miles in length. He lost about five hundred men in the battle, and very many others, chiefly Hessians, by desertion.

33. Proceedings of the French fleet? Attack on Rhode Island? 34. Account of the massacre at Wyoming? At Cherry Valley? Where is Wyoming (Map, p. 104)? Cherry Valley (Map, p. 104)?