32. The dash may be used after another mark to add to its force; as,

When all men are virtuous and altruistic, then we may realize the ideals of "Looking Backward."

33. The parts of compound subjects, if long or differently modified, should be separated by commas; as, The man who designed the statue, and Mr. Brown of Sacramento, were the principal guests.

34. When the subject is long or complex, it may be separated from the predicate by a comma; as,

The truths maintained by our fathers with their lives, and the principles which our brothers are now defending on the field of honor, deserve all the sacrifice which they have received.

35. The comma is sometimes omitted after abbreviations; as,

Henry B. Jones, Jr. was elected mayor.

36. Words and expressions in a series may take a comma after every such word or expression for the sake of emphasis, even when all the conjunctions are expressed; as,

He is honest, and truthful, and devoted to his duty.

7. PARAGRAPHING.

37. A new paragraph should be begun whenever the immediate topic of discourse is changed.

38. In printing conversations between different persons, whatever each person says or does usually constitutes a separate paragraph.

Exercise 1.

Justify the punctuation in the following:

1. But in the first year of Cyrus, the king of Babylon, the same King Cyrus made a decree to build this house of God.

2. Greece, Carthage, Rome, where are they?

3. Heaven gives its favorites - early death.

4. Learning is the ally, not the adversary, of genius. 5. We came to a large opening, or inlet.

6. O that I had wings like a dove!

7. O that this too, too solid flesh would melt, thaw, and resolve itself into a dew!

8. The husband, wife, and children suffered extremely.

9. True eloquence, indeed, does not consist in mere speech.

10. The death of President Wadsworth occurred, March 16th, 1737, and was lamented with more than ordinary demonstrations of sorrow.

11. Hark! hark! the Dauphin's drum!

12. It is the law of nature, that the mother shall protect and cherish her offspring.

13. Our opinion is, that as to this part of the fund the trust should be terminated, and the amount paid over to the claimant.

14. Socrates recommended to one of his disciples this prayer: "O Jupiter, give us those things,” etc.

15. How amiable thou art, O Virtue!

16. Ah, child! you are as innocent as the flower that grows under our feet.

17. A clause is either independent or dependent: independent, if it forms an assertion by itself; dependent, if it enters into some other proposition with the value of a part of speech.

18. But though they had been victorious in the land engagements, they were so little decisive as to lead to no important result.

Exercise 2.

Justify the punctuation in the following sentences: 1. Their search extends along, around the path. 2. The four greatest names in English poetry are almost the first we come to, -Chaucer, Spenser, Shakespeare, and Milton.

3. Are you still-I fear you are comfortably settled?

4. Then the eye of a child,

- far from being

who can look unmoved

into that well undefiled, in which heaven itself seems to be reflected?

5. For I know that in me (that is, in my flesh) dwelleth no good thing.

6. To render the Constitution perpetual,

which

God grant it may be, - it is necessary that its benefits should be practically felt by all parts of the country.

7. What is civilization? where is it? what does it consist in? by what is it excluded? where does it commence? where does it end? by what sign is it known? how is it defined? In short, what does it mean?

8. In order to prove this, I will now read precisely what the gentleman did say.

9. In his last moments he uttered these words: "I fall a sacrifice to sloth and luxury."

10. A noun is the name of anything that exists, or of which we have any notion; as, London, man, virtue.

11. The ancient Greek language has been divided by grammarians into four principal dialects; viz. Attic, Ionic, Doric, and Eolic.

12. He was courteous, not cringing, to superiors ; affable, not familiar, to equals; and kind, but not condescending or supercilious, to inferiors.

13. The keystones, etc. of the choir, and the compartments between the ribs in the eastern part of the choir, were re-decorated in color.

14. Athens seemed now restored, if not to power, at least to independence; and if she reflected but the

shadow of her former greatness, she was at least raised up from the depths of her degradation.

15. A wise man seeks to shine in himself; a fool, in others.

16. Price of admission, 50 cents.

17. Shaw, C. J. delivered the opinion of the court. 18. Hon. George F. Hoar, Washington, D. C. 19. I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, George Washington.

20. For the things which are seen are temporal, but the things which are not seen are eternal.

Exercise 3.

Justify the punctuation in the following sentences:

1. The poet Milton wrote excellent prose and better poetry.

2. On the death of the Empress Anne, her niece assumed the government, as guardian of her son John.

3. By simple truth, staleness and tameness are not meant, for there should always be richness of thought.

4. To prove its location, reputation, and tradition, recitals in ancient deeds, and the evidence afforded by ancient maps and plans, are admissible.

5. She had dark blue eyes and beautiful light brown hair.

6. He then proceeded to draw on a pair of old, shabby, and very dirty white kid gloves.

7. Strong proofs, not a loud voice, produce conviction.

8. Death had lost its terrors and pleasure its charms.

9. Saying with a loud voice, Worthy is the Lamb that was slain to receive power, and riches, and wisdom, and strength, and honor, and glory, and blessing.

10. Cherish true patriotism, which has its root in benevolence.

11. His stories, which made everybody laugh, were often made to order.

12. They have forgotten, that in England not one shilling of paper money is received but of choice, that the whole has had its origin in cash actually deposited, and that it is convertible at pleasure into cash again.

13. Dante's knowledge of him is owing to the fact, that the profane Latin literature had been revived in the twelfth century.

14. United, we stand; divided, we fall.

15. The prince, his father being dead, succeeded. 16. His father dying, he succeeded to the estate. 17. To confess the truth, I was much in fault. 18. Vices, like shadows, towards the evening of life grow great and monstrous.

19. I had grown to my desk, as it were, and the work had entered my soul.

20. True eloquence, indeed, does not consist in mere speech.

21. Patience, I say; your mind perhaps may change.

Exercise 4.

Justify the punctuation in the following sentences:

1. Patriots, heroes, rise to this height of sacrifice. 2. Apply your whole heart to this day's work; you will never have the opportunity again.

3. The time that brings no hour-glass with it, is the time of youth.

4. These meteors, especially in the autumn, are seen in great numbers.

5. He rode over the country, in order to secure evidence in his client's favor.

6. Sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish, I give my heart to this vote.

7. On the mountain, in the valley, in the sea, in the wilderness, we see the handiwork of the Creator.

8. Hill and valley, forest and plain, rivulet and torrent, are filled with animal life.

9. King James's version of the Bible is often called the Authorized Version.